Communication networks. Communication: central or local

15.10.2014

Designing and laying of communications in a newly built house.

There is a technology for building and erecting a foundation that requires communications laying  and the approach to the engineering networks before the appearance of the foundation itself. This applies to such types as: the Swedish plate, coffered foundations, a solid slab. These foundations require communications laying  in advance. This means that you must have in advance on your hands finished house project, where there are clear bindings for all plumbing fixtures, where you need to bring the sewerage and water pipes. Such foundations as columnar, tape, i.e. those where the floors are made immediately on the ground or then put a solid slab of 1 floor. Here, communication can be carried out later, however, in such foundations either a hole for pipes is provided, or sleeves are laid, into which pipes will be subsequently placed.

Inspection of water and sewage pipes

Those communications that will be located in the basement area and to which there will no longer be access, must be checked. Water pipes usually have joints. Therefore, after the system is assembled, it is necessary to perform several simple manipulations before putting it into operation and laying the floor. To check the water pipes on one side of the system put a cap, on the other hand - the pump, inflated pressure. The pressure gauge after the expiration of the day shows the pressure dropped or not. If it does not fall, then everything works properly. We can safely close these communications, make a floor or lay a monolithic slab. Sewer pipe usually has a diameter larger than the water pipe and withstands less pressure. In the sewer pipes a rubber seal is provided, which can in some cases be wrapped, which can lead to leakage. To exclude leakage, soil wetting and consequent consequences, it is better to check everything in advance. How to check sewage pipe? At the entrance of the pipe, which is located outside the house, is put a plug with a rubber sealant, the pipe is filled with water to the outlet level. Then it is necessary to observe 1-2 days. If the water level does not drop, then everything is in order. If the reverse situation occurs, it means that the system is malfunctioning. You have to dig pipes and look for the cause of the drop in the water level. Therefore, it is better to check everything in advance, when the pipes are not yet buried in the ground.

Why do we need cartridges and a foam box?

When building a house independently, often sewer and water pipes are inserted into a hole specially prepared in the foundation and concreting it. This is wrong, since the house is being loaded in the process of construction and subsequently shrinks. This can lead to the cutting of the pipe, since one part of it remains in place, and the part sits together with the house. Therefore, the hole in the foundation that is left under the pipes should be large enough so that the situation described above does not happen. Also, sleeves can be used which are rigidly entangled in concrete and have a diameter much larger than the diameter of the pipe. The difference in diameter should be from 5 cm. The empty space between the sleeve and the pipe in order to avoid ground penetration when instilling communications is best filled with mounting foam and waterproofing. As for the depth of the pipes, here in each region in different ways. Here you need to focus on the level of freezing ground. In the Moscow area, for example, this figure is approaching 1.5 m. Since there is always a positive temperature in the sewage pipe, it can be laid higher. But it is necessary to use foam plastic box for insulation.

Why not bury the sewer deep?

As a result, natural bias  The septic tank may turn out to be small. Water Pipe  it is necessary to lay below the freezing level, since frost can seize water, which will lead to rupture of the pipe. These seemingly simple things are not always taken into account by the builders, which subsequently leads to consequences, the corrections of which are labor-consuming and not infrequently require material costs.

in the eco-village "Gorki"

The engineering package includes electricity, central water supply, roads. Installation work  for connecting electricity and installing a meter in the house, as well as connecting the water pipe from the nearest water well is paid separately or you can carry out these works on your own.

The infrastructure package includes fencing of the village, recreation area, children's and sports grounds, the entrance group.

Electricity

The village is connected to VLADENERGO. We always provide our villages with better conditions for connection to networks, work closely with state enterprises that are engaged in energy supply. Each house is already connected to the mains. An autonomous power transformer located at the entrance ensures stable power supply to the entire territory.

Outdoor Lighting

The village is equipped not only with stable, but also with the external lighting of the entrance group, access roads and alleys developed in a single style.

Central village water supply

The village is made artesian well  depth of 245 meters, installed a 50-cc pump, a block automatic regulation  pressure. Underground water pipe at a depth of 1.8 meters water is fed into each house. The water system allows you to use water, including in winter.

Telecommunication systems

Residents of the village are provided with modern systems  Communications: satellite television, Wi-Fi, IP-telephony.

Rest zone

Children's and sports grounds, arbours are installed. On the territory of the village there is a rushing stream, the pond and beach area is being improved.

Fencing of the village

The village has an external fence.

Entrance group

There is a checkpoint (checkpoint), there is a guest parking. There is a barrier at the entrance.

Security

Professional security and video surveillance system guarantee your safety and peace of mind.

Roads

In the village is a convenient access road, providing year-round travel. Inside settlements in the village - with a hard surface of asphalt crumbs.

Sewerage

Sewerage in the village is an important part of the convenience of living. In the sewerage all household and domestic drains merge, so modern sewerage is the guarantee of comfort and coziness of the inhabitants of the village.

Septic tank

Septic will be an excellent solution for out-of-town sewerage. A particular advantage of the individual septic that is being installed is that the system performs full-cycle wastewater treatment without maintenance by the sewage disposal services. In other words, it is a "septic tank without pumping out", which is easy to operate. Such a sewage station is able to adapt to any type of soil and climatic conditions and does not require the connection of electricity. The solution is considered to be the most environmentally friendly, because wastewater, which has been purified by a septic tank, can be taken to the ground without any health damage. The septic tank operates on the principle of mechanized wastewater treatment and is a universally recognized optimal engineering solution for private households.

The service life of the septic tank is more than 50 years. The cost of installation will be 30-50 thousand rubles, depending on the model.

Sites with communications in the forest area of ​​the Moscow region

In order to spend the summer in the country, away from the hustle, bustle and destructive ecology of the huge metropolis, the townspeople are ready to put up with many inconveniences. Including the lack of water, gas, sewage. As a rule, it is in such conditions that we have to live with those summer residents who have purchased an inexpensive house in the village, somewhere in the outskirts of the Moscow region.

However, today it is not necessary to subject yourself to such severe trials. The time has come when, even in remote areas of the Moscow region, it is possible to buy an inexpensive site with communications. There, where only recently one could only dream of comfortable living conditions, asphalt roads are laid today, shops are built, gas, water, electricity and television are carried out. For example, modern house  and a plot with a landscape, the cost of which includes ready communications, are waiting for their tenants in Gorki's eco-village. At the same time, prices for houses and plots in Gorki are very affordable. Especially if you compare them with other similar proposals for the sale of real estate in the direction of Yaroslavl highway.

Choose your site without a contract and build a house on an individual project

Gorki - developing, but already settled down by the summer residents village. On the territory of the eco-settlement at the moment more than 60 plots have been sold, on which cozy, comfortable houses have been erected. What your home will be depends entirely on your desires. You can buy a plot with a ready-made house, you can choose a land plot with a contract, ordering the construction of a cottage for one of the standard projects, or you can purchase a plot without a contract and start building yourself.

The settlement area is fully landscaped and has a developed infrastructure. Asphalted roads are laid both inside the village and outside it, which greatly facilitates the transport of construction materials and the access of machinery to the site. However, before canceling the contract, pay attention to the prices of finished houses. Plots of land  without a contract, it is advantageous to acquire those who have the opportunity to hire builders at more favorable rates than can be done in the village.

Forest plot, modern communications, cozy house - eco-village Gorki is waiting for you

Waking up in the morning in your cottage, located in the village of Gorki, you will hear the singing of birds, the rustle of leaves under the window, the whisper of the wind in the height of the clear sky. More than half of the dachas are bordered or located directly in the forest. Surprisingly the feeling of belonging to the forest life every minute, hourly accompanies your life, filling it with natural energy. The contrast between the city and holiday house  becomes more striking when you realize that acquiring a site with communications, you get the opportunity to enjoy real gifts of nature, without losing any connection with civilization.

All that contributes to the organization of a full-fledged life is given to every summer resident. Moreover, regardless of your choice, walks along forest paths, forest berries, flowers, grasses, mushrooms, swimming in the cleanest lakes, fishing on the bank of the river, hunting, rest in shady arbours are attached to each site, with a contract or without a contract, riding on ATVs and many other pleasures that are daily occupied by residents of the village of Gorki.

Change your life for the better. Do not waste time, go to the page Master Plan  right now and, using a convenient 3D-map, find the site without a contract with the communications that will become yours. For purchase questions, contact the project manager at any time convenient for you.

With the beginning of major repairs-and it does not matter whether it is a new building or an old fund-there is a serious question about installing the entire complex of utilities, namely, heating, water supply, electricity, including low-current systems, conditioning and ventilation. This is a large-scale task, and it seems to many to be extremely confusing.

In new buildings, where apartments are rented without finishing, of all communications usually there are only risers of water supply and a temporary electric board. The system of heating in the form in which it is handed over by the developer does not suit everyone, especially when it comes to their own ideas for planning, the presence of a design project, and simply about buying other radiators. Such circumstances require a partial or complete re-engineering of the engineering system.

In the old fund, as a rule, all communications are obsolete, dilapidated and requiring replacement. What adds to the complexity of the process is the dismantling of old systems, which affects not only the apartment where repairs are being carried out, but also possibly the neighbors with whom it is necessary to agree in advance. It is possible that under the floor or behind the false walls there is not only a wiring related to the apartment being repaired, but also a neighbor, and even a house, which is not disconnected in your electrical cabinet. To understand these intricacies of wires and pipes, it is best to ask for help from a specialized specialist. In other words, before you break anything seven times yourself, it is better to invite a person with knowledge in this area once.

Let's start with heating system. The first option is quite common in new buildings: the pipes are mounted below the level of the finishing floor, all the radiators are connected in parallel. If there is no screed, then the installation or reworking is easier, if the main incoming pipes are already hidden by the screed, the process is somewhat complicated. For example, you can not already replace the whole system of pipes, but only to build pipes for new radiators.

The second option, "classic", is vertical risers: either one-pipe system, or two-pipe. Even in some new homes, heating is done in this way. Here you are limited to the risers from which you can right or left the bends.

In the old fund, iron radiators are usually found, which are quite worthy of the heat transfer. Sometimes the general style of repair can be limited to creative painting. It is necessary to replace the taps on the taps and clean them inside.

Partial or complete installation of heating is included in the first stage of repair work. First, you need to determine the model of radiators and their placement. Pipes can be mounted in parallel with the alignment of the walls. Repair work in the old fund can be associated with the welding of bends for new radiators. This part is better to finish before you start finishing works. All bends are output strictly to the size of the radiators. Radiators can be mounted to ensure that the bends fit in size, but in the warm season they are best removed until the end of the repair.

Now go to the installation of pipes in the floor. If the new apartment is big enough and there are a lot of radiators in it, it is preferable to bring to each radiator separate supply pipes and "return". This is done through distribution manifold. The advantage of this installation is the minimum number of connections under the floor, when each pipe has only two connections-one to the collector node, the other to the radiator.

If you pay attention, in case of parallel connection it is necessary to mount a lot of connections: tees, turns, etc. Of course, the likelihood that something will happen to them is not that high, such connections are made at press fittings, yet from inaccessibility such pipes can be insured and mount pipes seamless.

Before installing new radiators in the premises, do not forget about the heat emission given out different models  and the number of sections. In order for the room to be warm, it is necessary to take into account the total area of ​​the room, the height of the ceilings, the number of windows and other design features.

place the heating distribution unit most conveniently in the hallway or dressing room. On sale there are always different technical cabinets for such units, which besides convenience of access to communications have also a purely aesthetic advantage. Do not forget that there must be free access to such a cabinet.

The arrangement of such cabinets is usually standard: an inlet valve, an air vent with a drain cock, additional options are a thermometer and a pressure sensor in the system.

We pass to hot and cold water supply. As in the case of heating, in the finished new building you can usually find only the input of the risers in the apartment. In the old fund there is a completely unsightly picture. On the risers in your apartment can be "fed" and neighbor pipes.

Here it should be noted an important point: it happens that in the old house it is planned to overhaul common water risers and sewage pipes. If such work is planned in the near future, it is better to wait for a general replacement, so that your repair is not damaged, when the organization carrying out capital repairs, you need access to the common-run risers! The work to replace the risers is usually quite large, and they require maximum access to communications. The stage of installation of pipes, as in the case of heating, must be completed before installing the screed. The best option will again be the principle of manifold distribution for each plumbing device by separate pipes. Already at this stage you will have to decide on the facing tile and its layout. The size of the hatch, usually hidden, depends on this, which should provide the maximum possible access to the communication node and ensure the convenience of future maintenance.

A standard set of water supply units, such as: coarse and fine cleaning, water meters, pressure regulators, electric system taps from leaks (optional, but desirable). Do not forget that such cranes are placed after the hand valves, and not before. Here, usually, there is a box of equalization of potentials. It should be noted that such an addition to grounding is already a field of electrical wiring! Closure of pipes with a screed or plaster takes place after testing the pipes with test pressure, for which an act is compiled with a representative from the management company. Also, before installing the water supply pipes, you must have a specification for future connection plumbing fixtures!! Then you can avoid unpleasant moments after finishing with tiles of sanitary ware, when dimensions for example shells can not hide the algae, or the height of the sewage terminals does not correspond to the connection of the device.

What can be more important than correctly made wiring ?! Even before the start of installation - in the old fund or new building - it is necessary to make the project of the power supply system taking into account the total capacity for this apartment. Most of the electricity consumed by hobs, ovens, flowing water heaters, split-system of conditioners, etc. Accordingly, the requirements for such consumers must be taken into account. Electroproject is formed taking into account your wishes for the design project. All wiring is divided into groups. The intra-apartment shield itself is also linked on the basis of this project.

It is most convenient to arrange the electrical panel in the hallway or in the dressing room, but in such a way that access to the shield is unlimited.

Laying of lines of electrical wiring is done after erection of interior partitions and preliminary leveling of walls. Together with wiring are arranged routes for air conditioning and ventilation. The location of the indoor air conditioning units is approved. places for the most convenient drainage of condensate are determined. Pay special attention to the fact that during the work you need to document (preferably with photos) all the lines of electrical wiring in the walls. Relying only on memory, you can face unpleasant moments when installing furniture and accessories - because this will require drilling a lot of holes in the walls. For example, you can forget, under what bias and where there is a channel for the drainage of condensate from the air conditioner, etc. There are laying norms, "descents" and cable lifts in the walls are strictly vertical. Laying of the main lines is done behind the false ceiling or in the screed. In the photo, examples of laying the lines of the wiring.

For example, the scheme hidden works  on the laying of the conduit drain channel from the indoor unit of the air conditioner. Similar schemes can be made on other lines of communication, this will help you to always have at hand information on hidden works.

Ventilation in a residential area is different options, from simple options forced in san.uzla. up complex of supply and exhaust system. In the first variant, from common house channels, gadgets are made for future installation of either channel fans, or already ceramic tiles  decorative overhead fans. Lead wiring 220 in.

More complex ventilation options applied to the entire apartment. Usually this is a complex of supply and exhaust duct ventilation. For such installation, it is necessary to study the design taking into account the different premises and specifications of the equipment used. The topic is quite voluminous and requires separate detailed coverage.

We turn to the low-current systems, which as part of the power supply are also planned at the project stage. We are talking about the location of a wireless router, stationary sockets for the Internet, TV outlets, special terminals for audio centers and home theaters. All these details must be linked with the proposed arrangement of furniture. If these moments are not thought through, then at the end of the repair you can face an unsightly picture, when household appliances are wrapped in cables and wires that could be made invisible. The photo shows an example of preparation for the early stage of installing a low-current system, taking into account the design project.

At the end of the finishing works, the time and effort spent on planning is worth it. You just have to wait until you bring furniture and household appliances for connection.

The weak-current shield is located separately from the power supply panel. It can be a small shield or a whole mini-server: patch panels for Internet lines, a TV switch, a video surveillance control unit, an intercom, a receiver of the system from leaks, etc. It is also necessary to remember that the laying of low-voltage lines must be made separately from 220 V lines, especially sensitive audio system cables, etc.

So, we have briefly considered what is included in the installation of utilities in the apartment. It must be borne in mind that work on all types of communications is carried out in two stages. The first one is draft, when routes and connecting nodes are laid. All this is done before finishing. The most important joints do not hide tightly in walls and ceilings, for them it is necessary to provide possible accessibility in the form of revision. Upon completion of installation, all systems are checked, insulation resistance measurements can be made in the electrical installation.

The second stage of the work takes place at the end of the finishing works, it is also called the "exhibition", the equipment from luminaires to household appliances is installed and connected according to the documentation.

10 "not" in the process of hearing

Listening to the interlocutor: do not pretend to listen, do not pretend. You will quickly be exposed.

1.Do not interrupt the interlocutor without the need.

2. Do not stress with your behavior that it's too hard for you to listen.

3. Do not rush to make a decision without understanding the essence of the problem.

4. Do not be distracted when your interlocutor says.

5. Do not let your emotions, attitudes, stereotypes influence the evaluation of the interlocutor and his message.

6. Do not make hasty objections without listening to the speaker carefully and to the end.

7. Do not reject the idea that's new to you just because it's new to you and looks dubious or you disagree with it.

8. Do not ask too many questions at the same time. This suppresses the interlocutor and forces him to take a defensive position.

9. Do not give uninvited advice. First, determine what the other person wants: to think together, discuss the problem, or get specific information.

10.Do not make hasty conclusions.

Remember:the formation of communication skills requires patience and time!

The line connecting the two organizational units is called channel.A set of transmission channels or information exchange linking several organizational units forms communication network.In the communication network, in the process of communication, people are connected in a certain way through information flows. The types of communication networks in the groups are shown in Fig. 7.6.1.

Networks can be open and closed.

Opena network is considered in which the information flow can stop at the exit points of the channels, since there is no further path. He can return only in the same way as he came.

AT closed (closed)information network information can return to the sender via a different channel than the one on which it was sent. However, the return point is not necessarily the original one, the message can enter the closed network from the outside.

"Chain" -linear connection. The flow of information goes in a straight line from A to B, C, D, E and vice versa. "Chain" is effective in performing repetitive, standard, routine operations, but it is poorly suited to work in constantly changing conditions. Horizontal links are elements of decentralization.

"Wheel".All information flows to the employee occupying a central position (point E). Sometimes this network is called a "star". The lines of force come from the center. In networks of the "wheel" type, a formal centralized hierarchy of power is represented, in which subordinates communicate with each other through their boss. "Wheel" allows you to start acting faster. Information from the center is simultaneously sent to all points. It is always clear who is responsible, more order is achieved. This is the most stable type of network, it is difficult to form an informal channel in it. However, the "wheel" strongly depends on the personal characteristics of the leader (center). An information overload of the center may occur. It is possible to filter information by the center.

"Spur"or «Y-Rook (Y)»similar to the "wheel", but include three levels, point A is older than all. He is responsible for the whole organization, his control functions (genuine power) are more dependent on the actions of B in his intermediate position. Point B is the center of real power in the "spur". This power can be used both in the interests of A and in its own interests. B, perhaps, in the interests of D, E. "Spur" is used to reduce the information overload of the center marked in the "wheel"; At the same time, you should carefully consider the work of B. Centralized networks such as "spur" and "Y" are effective in solving simple problems.

7.6.1. Samples of interpersonal communications in the group

"Vertuška"they are used in situations where groups communicate in a circle. Here an exchange of opinions is possible, although there is a danger of distortion of information in its interpretation.

"A circle"- Communication is carried out between people located next to each other. In the "circle" a more favorable climate, but it is less stable than the "wheel".

"All-channel" networks- fully decentralized networks. In them, formal leadership is divided or completely absent. The person (leader) controlling the operation of the network does not exist in this scheme. This type of network is used when it is necessary to involve all employees in solving complex problems. Here everyone, if they wish, has the opportunity to express their opinion. In this network there is more enthusiasm, business activity, creative work of employees. Leaders are educated in it, it provides equal access to all information. Reliability and reliability of information is high, its control is more thorough, it can be carried out from several points.

The main drawbacks of the all-channel network include the risk of group unanimity, inadequate assessment of difficulties (in the group - and "the sea is knee-deep"), there is a threat of disruption of stability and order, there is the danger of biased approach to choosing a leader.

In secondary networks such as "Tent", "tent", "house"  positions B and C, E and D are at the same organizational levels. The arrows show the direction of the lines of force, the information goes in both directions.

"Awning" -here two different lines of force are coming from the head A, who organizes and processes the information. This is a very strong and stable network, subject to clearly defined authority and responsibility. There is a minimum of informal interactions.

"Tent"is formed when the leader ("boss") in position A decides that it is more profitable for his senior subordinate B and C to do joint business together before transferring them to the top. The top positions A, B, C form a closed network - a small circle, with a channel between B and C.

The "tent" can be very effective and effective provided that the rights and duties B and C are clearly defined. Otherwise, a wide range of uncertainties or potential differences arise, and continuous intervention of paragraph A is required; network performance is reduced.

"House"it turns out, when there is a new official channel E-D, this is a completely closed system. It is possible to link each item to other points via several channels. Here, the three circles of communication: a large, uniting all members of the network and two small - A, B, C and B, C, D, E. From an organizational point of view, "home" - the most vulnerable of all information networks because of the many official channels, on which information is transmitted from one point to another.

There is hardly a person who does not find the central communications in his own house a thing extremely convenient. Especially the townspeople, accustomed to the blessings of civilization. Therefore, developers, trying to maintain convenience, promise customers "centrally managed communications"

The set of amenities depends on the level of the village due to the cost of land with central communications. It is always 10-30% more expensive. So in the settlements of the economy class, only gas is often centralized. In the business class, in addition to the central gas pipeline, there is also a water pipeline. However, the drainage system in this case may be local. And already in elite class settlements all communications must be central.
   Advantages of central communications  great amount. Due to the fact that they are often carried out before the construction of roads and improvement of public areas, it becomes possible to finish the "earthworks" before the construction of houses, thereby not distorting the appearance of the complex. Also, when running a water pipe with centralized water supply, there is a water purification system and there are no limits on the use detergents, washing powders and other household chemicals, while wells and septic tanks require continuous maintenance with local water supply. A centralized gas pipeline allows you to save on heating, tk. as "food" gas boiler  costs 2-3 times less than solid fuel.
But there could be no shortcomings. Most projects are sold in the early stages, and communications are connected within one to two years after. Therefore, acquiring such a housing, it is not a bad idea to know in advance whether the developer has technical conditions for making central communications, whether the territory is allocated for them on the site. And then you can wait for the promised three years, as the well-known proverb says.
   It happens that developers want to save on initial deposits, so only electricity is supplied, and other networks are suggested to the buyers for additional contributions. Although the announcement may indicate that it is possible to sum up all communications.

   Water and sewerage - the first thing that the client means under the central communications, representing the connection to the city networks. Such settlements exist, mainly complexes of high price policy in and areas. However, recently the capacities of the central communications have been spent to connect new customers. Therefore, developers had to cooperate with other developers and spend large sums for the construction of local engineering communications, counting on the connection of smaller developers. But there is another scheme that allows you to meet a smaller budget. The water comes from the village, and the sewage is taken away locally using the treatment facilities installed near the complex. They require a lot of allotted area, therefore in small complexes, communications are limited to septic tanks of local character in houses and water supply from the well.

   Gas developers have to spend much more difficult, because this is a very expensive event. And not only with financial difficulties have to meet developers. Often the laying of utilities is laborious, because the laying routes stretch under private property, and not everyone wants networks to stretch through their land. Everything is coordinated with the owners of the plots.
   At a relatively affordable gasification can be expected if the village falls under the gasification program of the region. Now the regions are better gasified: part, Primorskiy, works are under way.
   To the gasified villages (counting those in which centralized gas supply is only indicated in perspective), at the present time it is possible to attribute first of all the settlements calculated as a permanent residence.