The device of the water drain in the country house. How to make a summer cottage

Organization of autonomous sewerage a country house along with the construction of a water main and heating system is the first task to ensure the necessary level of comfort. Of course, this problem is easier to solve if a centralized sewage system passes near the site, but even in the absence of such a system modern technologies construction allows you to create a drainage line with your own hands in a very short time. About how to "from scratch" to build an autonomous sewage system, and will be discussed in this article.

Necessary materials

Elements of sewage system

For the construction of an autonomous sewage system, PVC pipes are best suited. With sufficient cheapness of these products, they have a lot of advantages, as well as a decent service life. We only note that elements of different types are used for indoor and outdoor networks. Inside the house it is sufficient to mount the system with single-layered pipes of gray color with a wall thickness of up to 2.7 mm. Recently, blue and white products with increased thickness (up to 3.2 mm) appeared on the market. Such pipes have increased sound insulation, although they have the highest cost. Nevertheless, when passing communications in places where the noise level will be uncomfortable, it is recommended to install them.

Red or "red" sewer pipes are designed for outdoor installation. They have multilayer walls 3-3.2 mm thick depending on the pipe class, as well as the porous structure of the layer. This solution allows to increase the thermal insulation characteristics of the products, which is important for the depth of stacking above the freezing level of the soil. Sewage pipes of class SN2 are used for installation depths of up to 1 m, and with a stiffness class SN4 - up to 6 m. When connecting pipes of this type are inserted into the socket to the limit, in contrast to products for internal installation, requiring a thermal gap.

For indoor and outdoor use sewage pipelines pipes of different types are used, depending on the wall thickness, stiffness and structure of the inner layer of their walls.

In addition to pipes, it is necessary to stock up fittings, fasteners and reinforcing elements, the type and quantity of which can be easily determined by making exact drawings of the sewage system.

Installation of an inter-house sewage network

Of course, it is better to envisage internal sewerage at the design stage of construction, however, it can easily be installed during the major overhaul of the building. The system, located inside the house, consists of a riser, of the pipe and pipelines draining waste water from the equipment. For proper functioning of the system, it is necessary to install these elements taking into account all requirements.

Sewer riser and chimney

Scheme of sewerage distribution inside the house

As a rule, one riser of the sewerage system is installed in the house, nevertheless, in the presence of a widely branched network of linear pipelines, several such elements can be installed. When assembling the riser yourself, follow these rules:

The pipeline cross-section must ensure the normal functioning of all equipment (most often PVC pipes are used with a diameter of 110 mm).
The riser should be installed as close as possible to equipment with outlets of 110mm diameter.
The riser outlet is made with a smooth rounding, applying several 30 ° knees. This method allows you to avoid blockages on this section of the highway as much as possible.
In the middle part of the pipeline, a revision is envisaged. When building a system in a multi-storey building, several elements must be installed to clean the pipes.
The riser is installed strictly vertically, attaching a fan outlet at its top.
Installation of riser pipes starts from the lowest point. It is best if this element of the sewerage system passes in the corner of the building, where it is attached to the walls by means of special clamps. Pipes are installed with their mouths upwards, further processing the joints with sealing compounds. At the level of connecting the drain lines, fittings with taps of the appropriate diameter are installed.

In order to avoid a vacuum in the discharge of water in the pipes, top The riser is equipped with a fan pipe. The second end is taken to the attic or above the roof of the building. At the same time, it is not allowed to install a fan outlet closer than 4 m from the windows or balconies that are opened, as well as alignment with the ventilation system of the building. In the case where the output of the fan pipe outside the premises is not possible, a vent valve is installed on its edge.

Fan Pipe Outlet

Requirements for outlets

The next step in the construction of an autonomous sewage system is the layout of the outlets. To do this, select the pipe diameter, which corresponds to the output of the connected equipment. Typically, linear pipelines lead by means of products with a diameter of 50 mm. Do not forget the installation rules of the discharge pipelines:

Connections to the riser are performed with the help of skew tees 110/110 / 50mm or 110/110 / 110mm. The latter are used for the installation of bidets and toilets.
The slope towards the riser should be at least 2-3cm for each running meter pipes.
With a retraction length of more than 10 m, a second central element of the system is installed.
In places where the pipeline passes through walls, a so-called pencil case of a thicker pipe is installed in them. To avoid damage, the discharge line is wrapped with a layer of thermal insulation or a dense fabric. Please note that joints of pipes in such places are not allowed.
All turns must be equipped with revision fittings.

When connecting equipment to the outlets, do not forget to equip all points with hydraulic shutters in the form of knees or siphons.

Installation of sewerage is best done during the construction of the house

External sewerage scheme

The external sewerage network consists of a discharge pipeline and a sewage well. In the role of the latter can act as a septic tank, and an ordinary cesspool.

As in the case of internal sewerage, work begins with measurements and drawing up a diagram with detailed indication of the distances and the number of all elements of the system. It is best to draw a communication plan on a scale. When drafting a project, it is necessary to comply not only with the requirements of the SNiP, but also with sanitary norms. According to them, the location of the unsealed sewage collector (filtration well) must be at least 25 m from the well or well. In addition, with a pipeline length of more than 10 m, it is necessary to provide a revision well.

Arrangement of sewer

Sewage well

As an element of waste water collection, both the factory-made septic tank and sewage well, built by hand. At deep lying groundwater You can use the structures of the filtration type. Usually the bottom of these wells is covered with crushed stone or broken brick as a drainage layer (at least 40-50 cm). The walls can be made of different materials - concrete rings, brickwork, plastic or metal containers. Not bad filtration structures are obtained from automobile tires of large diameter. As a rule, it is necessary to pump out waste from such wells no more than once a year.

At a high level of groundwater, the sewage well must be of a sealed type. It is best to use concrete rings or a factory plastic container for its construction, but in this case it will be much more likely to cause a sewage machine.

An excellent way out of the situation is to install a septic tank. In such a construction, household waste quickly decays. Water settles and leaves outside the site or in the ground, besides it can be used again - for irrigation of the garden. At the same time, the suction pump is rarely used to pump sludge.

Installation of external pipeline

Contrary to popular belief that external pipeline can be carried out above the freezing level of the soil, try to lower it below this point. This will avoid not only the freezing of waste water on the walls of the pipeline, but also will not allow mechanical deformation of the pipes due to possible seasonal displacement of the soil. For the same purpose, it is recommended to use a pipe with a diameter of at least 110 mm. Construction of the pipeline is carried out in stages.

The rules for installing an autonomous sewer in a private home can not be changed for the simple reason that in this case the sewerage system will not work. Therefore, further we will consider how the sewer system of a private country house, cottage, dacha is arranged.

Construction of sewage pipes

Any sewage starts with pipes coming from the bathroom, toilet, sink, washbasin (and also the pool). Consider its device (order of location and connection of sewer pipes):

Pipes connected directly to the plumbing (sanitary equipment). As a rule, they go under the floor. The diameter of such pipes is 5 cm.
To the previous pipes are connected "knee" (pipes with a smooth bend angle of 45-90 degrees).
The knees are connected to a pipe 10-11 cm in diameter going to the external sewage pipe by means of adapters (adapters are pipes that have, on the one hand, a pipe tip with a diameter of 5 cm and on the other hand for pipes with a diameter of 10-11 cm).
The pipe with a diameter of 10-11 cm goes to the outside, connecting along the way with the other adapters from other sanitary devices.
After each bending of the pipe (adapter or knee) it is desirable to install a tee (a pipe that has a third outlet with a lid) in order to check and clean the channel with a blockage.
Before leaving the last pipe internal sewerage connects to the external sewage pipe.
Outside sewage pipe goes to the septic at a depth below freezing of the soil (about 1.5 meters) and at an inclination with the calculation of 2 cm per 1 meter of length (for example, at a length of 5 m, the slope will make a difference of 10 cm between the starting point and the final one). In cold areas, the external sewage pipe must be insulated.
From the septic tank there is the last pipe to the filtering well.

In places of complex joints (for example, when several pipes from different places of the house are joined to one), crimp clamps must be installed to reduce vibration and strengthen the rigidity of the structure.

If you have a two- or three-storey cottage, and there are plumbing on different floors, then along one wall there should be a riser ( vertical pipe), to which the others will be connected. Moreover, the pipes from plumbing should go above the floor (not under the ceiling the same).

The stoak will also be the ventilation of your sewer, so from the house it goes to the very surface of the roof and a little higher. It is also advisable to install a small ventilation from the septic tank or filter well.

The riser itself must be attached to the wall by fixing clamps (on each floor at the top and bottom). In the intersections with overlapping, the riser should be wrapped in a soft thermal insulation and waterproofing so that it does not stagger, and the insulation materials do not fall out.

Installation of a sewer in a private house

The septic tank is constructed as follows:

Firstly, a septic tank is a closed structure. But it can be with a hatch for cleaning.
Typically, self-made septic tanks consist of concrete rings, quarry stone or brickwork. Purchased (ready) septic tanks are plastic.
Outside the septic tank is well insulated from the water, laying under the bottom and along the walls a clay about 20 cm thick.
The joint of concrete rings should be smeared with resin.
In a septic tank, waste waste decomposes naturally from anaerobic bacteria, leaving a bit of silt at the bottom.
After the accumulation of waste water, it passes into the filtering well.

Ready-made septic tanks have different waste treatment systems. We will write about them in the following articles.

The distance from the septic tank to the house can be 5-20 m.

The device of a filtering well

Self-made filtering wells also consist of concrete rings, quarry stone or brickwork. Only they do not have a bottom, instead of it a crushed stone pillow. Through it, the filtered water seeps into the soil. In the well it is also desirable to make a hatch to check if it is clogging. If it does not clog, then the cleaning system works fine. That's the whole device of the filtering well of the sewage system.

Average dimensions of the filtering well: depth - 2-3 m; diameter or width - 1,5-2 m; the depth of the cushion of crushed stone or gravel is 0.5-1 m.

The device of a cesspool

The simplest sump for sewage is a cesspool. In fact, it is the same well (and with the same dimensions). The pit is not cleaned naturally, so when filling the tank with 2/3 of the depth, it is necessary to call a sewer machine to pump out the contents.

To fill the cesspool more slowly, you need to order pipes with small holes. Through them, the liquid will slowly infiltrate into the soil, slowing the filling of the container.

Living in a country village has many advantages, but only if the building is equipped with all necessary engineering communications. The lack of centralized water supply and sewage systems is not the reason for abandoning the usual amenities, because the canalization of a country house can always be built with their own hands. Of course, it is better to plan the sewage system at the same time as building a house, but, if desired, you can build a system in buildings of old construction.

Unfortunately, not all suburban settlements are equipped with centralized engineering communications. Therefore, many residents of such settlements are interested in the question of how to make the sewer system on site? In fact, this work is not particularly complicated and any home master. True, this process is rather laborious and requires knowledge of building codes.

The work can be divided into three stages:

The device of the internal equipment
Construction of a street pipeline.
Installation of treatment plant.

Internal networks

Begin the construction of sewerage with the compilation detailed scheme. This diagram should indicate:

All the points of the draw-off that need to be connected to the sewer.
The location and size of the pipes leading from plumbing fixtures to the riser.
The location of the riser.
Place the pipe out of the house.

For the installation of internal networks it is most convenient to use polymer pipes. They are strong enough and reliable and, at the same time, they do not require the use of special equipment for their connection.

Here are the basic rules that need to be met if the internal sewer system is installed by the house:

For the installation of internal networks, pipes having a diameter of 100 and 50 mm are used. A large pipe is used to construct a riser, and also as a diversion from the toilet, pipes of smaller diameter are placed on the outlets for the sink, bath and other sanitary equipment.
When connecting pipes in a horizontal plane, crossheads and slanting bends should be used.
If the pipe makes a turn, then it should not be at a right angle, to solve this problem, it is necessary to install risers with taps of 45 degrees.
Making connections at right angles is allowed only in the vertical plane. For example, if a branch pipe is connected to the riser.
At the turns of the pipeline it is worthwhile to establish the installation of revisions. Exception - if there is access to the sweeping area close to the turn site, for example, near the complex area there is a washbasin.
When planning how to make a sewer in the house, do not forget that the internal sewerage network must be ventilated, the fan tube is a continuation of the riser and is taken out to the roof.

Advice! The withdrawal of the pipe should be half a meter above the roof, and it should be located away from balconies and windows.

The slope for the laying of the discharge pipes should be 1-2 cm for each meter of the length of the pipeline.
Internal networks can be mounted in a hidden way - inside walls or floors.

Advice! Carrying out the construction of polymeric pipes in a hidden way, care must be taken to reduce the noise of sewerage. For this, the pipes can be wrapped on top with a soft material, and the thickness of the plaster over the pipes should not be less than 2 cm.

External networks

Before you make a sewer in a private house, you need to decide on where the drains will be transported. Consider what options exist, highlighting their pros and cons.

The choice of treatment plant

The traditional version of the local sewage system is a cesspool, that is, a ditch excavated in the ground, where drains are discharged. As the pit is filled, it is cleaned with the help of sewage technology. This is the simplest kind of local sewerage system, but it is practically unused now, as it is unsafe for the site ecology.

Today, if the sewerage of a private house is constructed by oneself, homeowners can choose from the following options:

Storage device. This is a safe analogue of the cesspool. The installation is a completely sealed tank equipped with a neck. The tank is installed in a previously prepared foundation pit, a sewage pipe leading from the house is connected to it. To cleanse the septic tank, you will have to call the sanitizers. Such a septic tank can be installed with any soil characteristics and with a high GW.

Advice! It is very important to choose the right amount of storage capacity. The fact is that the sludge collectors charge not for the volume of the drained drains, but for the call. As a rule, the machine is able to pump 8000 liters at a time, therefore, it can be said that this (or a little bit) capacity of the drive is optimal. However, do not forget that the cost of the model depends on the capacity of the camera. So, the eight-cube septic tank will cost almost five times more than a two-cube septic tank. Therefore, when choosing, it will be necessary to choose a compromise option that will reduce the cost of cleaning services, but it will not be too expensive.

Septic cleansing type. This version of the local sewer system allows you to use wastewater technology much less often, since most of the liquid waste, after passing through all stages of purification, is discharged into a filtering well. This installation can be built by yourself (for example, by making chambers from reinforced concrete rings), but it is much easier to buy an already finished model made of plastic.
Stations with aeration. This is the most modern type of treatment plant used for local sewerage. Such installations are much more compact than usual septic tanks and allow to achieve the best degree of cleaning.

Which of the proposed options should I choose? It all depends on local conditions, before proceeding with the selection of the treatment plant, the following factors should be assessed:

The amount of sewage that will be generated in the house per day. This parameter depends on the number of households, as well as on the equipping of the house with plumbing fixtures.
Periodicity of sewerage use. For example, in a country house, which is visited only for the weekend, it is inappropriate to use cleaning plant, working with biomaterial. With prolonged absence of effluents, microorganisms will simply perish.
The level of groundwater and the characteristics of the soil at the site of the treatment plant. For example, with a high GRA, the work of a normal septic tank will not be possible, since the water simply will not leave.
Possibility to connect the unit to the power supply. Most conventional septic tanks are non-volatile, whereas biofeed stations are equipped with compressors and aerators, that is, they work on electricity.
Budget allocated for construction.

Laying of external networks

After the treatment plant is selected and installed, the sewerage sewerage begins by hand. The pipeline must connect the internal networks to the treatment plant.

Here are the basic rules of laying:

If an external sewage system is constructed by oneself, it is most convenient to use polymer pipes.

Advice! It is important to choose pipes that are suitable for outdoor use, so you need to carefully study the markings.

For the laying of the pipeline, trenches are prepared so that the pipes lie with a slope toward the septic tank.
The depth of the trenches depends on the climatic conditions in the area. Thus, in middle lane it should be at least 1.2 meters.
To reduce the amount of land work, it is possible to make trenches less deep, but then it will be necessary to provide for the insulation of pipes.

Storm sewerage

To protect the foundation and other load-carrying structures of the house from premature destruction, storm drainage is being built on the sites. The main task of this system is to collect and divert water, which falls in the form of precipitation.

Installation of the roof part of the system is done during the construction of the roof. On the roof are mounted trays for collecting water and funnels, which transfer water to downspouts.

If a storm water drain their hands, then it is necessary to install under the drainpipes the rainwater collectors and to assemble a system for draining water from pipes or open trays.

Advice! To protect the system from getting debris, it includes filters and sand catchers.

So, the canalization of a country house with your own hands is a very feasible project. For its implementation, the desire of the owner of the house and his willingness to perform a sufficiently serious amount of work is necessary.

Comfort - the main goal, which is organized sewerage of a country house with their own hands. A country house is a temporary refuge from the city's bustle, but even being close to nature, a person strives to create maximum comfort for himself and his loved ones.

1 Sewer of a country house: we create comfort by our own hands

Facilities in the street - a very authentic option, but it is not always acceptable. In the event that a country house becomes a permanent residence for a long time, for example, all summer, then a rational solution is to create. It will be a good idea if the dacha takes guests all year round, and swim in the winter in summer soul becomes difficult.

Sewer suburban is arranged if the house is located in an area where there is no way to connect the central sewage system. All the elements of the drains are better for thinking during the construction of the house, laying it in the project plan. But even if the house is already erected, it can be equipped with sewage. The main thing is to competently approach this issue.

Site Masters website prepared for you a special calculator. You can easily calculate the necessary conditions.

Regardless of at what stage of construction the sewage disposal system is organized, it is necessary to take into account that the sewage system consists of two interconnected parts:

Internal sewerage is a sewage collection system located inside the house. This plumbing and sanitary equipment: bathroom, sink, toilet, sewer risers and pipes.
External and external - drains the sewage system and is located outside the house. This includes sewage treatment plants, pipelines, septic tanks, waste pits, pumps, wells, filters.

The outward sewerage scheme will depend on the option of draining the sewage from the house. There are two possible ways:

in the drainless septic tank, which will need to be cleaned as it is filled, i.e. pump out and take out drains;
in the local treatment facilities organized on the site, and the discharge of the purified water obtained into the natural environment (soil, topography).

2 Local sewerage for a country house: who is who

Local sewerage for a country house is impossible without a local sewage treatment plant (VOC). It is from the selection of VOC that the sewerage system in the dacha section begins. The treatment facilities are presented in a wide range, as they say, for every taste. Therefore, in order to make the right choice, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the classification of devices for the disposal of waste water. It is presented as follows:

sewage water storage in the form of cesspools;
devices that process and purify sewage: a septic tank, a deep biological treatment station, a biofilter, an aerotank.

The cesspool is the simplest, most common and economical version of the local sewage system. You can build a pit from improvised materials (bricks, reinforced concrete rings), and the simplicity of the construction will not complicate the installation. The disadvantage of this design is the fact that in the course of time it will be necessary to pump out sewage by a sewage machine. Spreading an unpleasant smell is also not a virtue, but it is possible to minimize this defect by constructing a sealed cesspool.

Septic - the kind of local sewage system is both inexpensive and more ecological than a cesspool. In the septic, the liquid is clarified and settled, and organic contaminants settle to the bottom, where they are processed by anaerobic bacteria. The capacity of a septic tank can be purchased in ready-made form, but it can be made independently of concrete and reinforced concrete rings. Two-compartment septic tanks work well, when in one chamber the wastewater is defended, and then flows into the other and is purified there.

The finished stations are designed for the disposal of domestic sewage, providing a high level of water treatment. This indicator can reach 98-99%, which will allow to apply the water obtained at the outlet for watering plants in the garden. Such structures are very convenient, effective and, of course, more expensive than the above options. The principle of operation of this local sewage system is represented by 4 cameras and looks like this:

in the first chamber, settling of large fractions is carried out;
in the second chamber, water is purified by aeration and living bacteria;
in the third chamber, the liquid settles, the active sludge formed by bacteria settles to the bottom;
in the fourth chamber there is practically purified water, which is fed further to the outlet.

3 Step-by-step installation of the canalization of a country house with own hands

The device of the canalization of a country house with their own hands is carried out by installing the external and internal sewerage. If the work will take place in an already constructed house, then it is necessary to prepare for the fact that the relief of the plot will be disturbed and will have to be repaired in the house after installation of the sewerage system. Installation of the external part of the local sewerage of a private house has several stages:
Determination of the size and volume of the septic tank. Here it is necessary to take into account that water should be kept in septic tanks for at least three days. Given the number of people living in the house and the fact that the volume of waste per person is taken as 150 liters per day, it can be calculated that for a family of 4 people a septic tank with a volume of at least 1.8 m 3 (150 l / day * 4 people * 3 days = 1.8 m 3).
Selecting the location of the septic tank. It is recommended to install a wastewater receiver near the house so that the liquids do not have time to cool down, and in winter they do not freeze in the pipes. Sealed septic tanks can be located close to home and even in the basement, not sealed to place closer than 5 meters to the house is not recommended. High temperature helps to accelerate the process of decomposition of contaminants in sewage.
Selection of material for a septic tank. The septic tank must be sealed. You can purchase a finished plastic container with a different number of cameras. It is possible to save and make independently a concrete capacity, using concrete rings.
Layout of the site and excavation of trenches for pipes and a pit for a septic tank. The pit is excavated, based on the size of the septic tank and the number of chambers. Trenches are prepared taking into account the fact that the pipes will be located with a slope to the treatment plant in 2-4 cm for each meter of the pipe. The depth of the trench is 60-120 cm (depending on soil type and depth of soil freezing) and 60 cm width. The pipeline should be protected from freezing.
Installation of a septic tank. The installation is carried out using a level, the septic is spilled with sand and poured with water to the inside measures to compact it.
Insertion of the supply and discharge pipes, careful sealing of all joints.
Sand backfilling and soil compaction.
Maintenance of the septic tank. This process involves pumping deposits from the bottom of the tank. It is also possible to add bioactivators to the container in order to accelerate the decomposition process.

Installation of the internal part of the sewage system is less time consuming, but no less important. It includes several items:

Calculation and purchase of pipes for internal sewerage;
Pipe laying. Pipes with a slope of 1-3 cm per meter are laid, they are joined through the bell joints;
Installation of plumbing. When the installation of the pipeline is completed, it is possible to attach plumbing: a toilet, a washbasin, a bathroom, etc. It should be remembered that the connection of the toilet is carried out separately, in contrast to the sink and the bathroom. This is due to its specific function.

Bacteria in septic tanks do not process cellulose, so do not throw toilet paper and personal care products into the toilet bowl.

The local sewage system is a very time consuming and responsible process. It is necessary to take into account a lot of factors, so that the sewage system becomes really a convenience, not a problem. So, before you start digging trenches in the country house's flower-bed, you need to remember a few rules:

The receiver for waste water must be located not less than 20 meters from the well with drinking water. Sewer system must be arranged for all health standards, they can be found in SNiP (construction norms and rules).
The cesspool should be placed so that the ground water table in any weather is not more than 1 meter from the bottom of the cesspool.
A non-sealed cesspool is a danger to groundwater and soil.
Start the sewage system from the inside. First, a riser is installed, then pipes from plumbing devices are brought to it: from a sink, a shower, a bathroom, a pipe with a diameter of 50 mm is needed, a pipe of 100 mm must be brought to the toilet.
It is recommended to install a ventilation grille on the riser. The riser pipe should be located above the roof ridge (not less than 50 cm), and the ventilation grid should be far from the windows of the house.
The diverting pipe from the riser is located necessarily under a slope of at least 2 cm per 1 meter of pipe to the septic tank.
For the laying of external sewerage it is possible to use cast iron, asbestos cement and plastic pipes not less than 100 mm in diameter, a variant of pipes made of ceramic with a diameter of 150 mm is possible.
Trenches under the pipeline should be scooped out initially of the right size to avoid subsidence and congestion. The depth of the trench will depend on the depth of freezing of the soil of a particular region, this indicator is indicated in SNiP.
For tight sealing of large diameter pipes, it is recommended to lubricate the rubber gasket with silicone or rubber lubricant. This will allow you to easily pipe the pipes to rubber gaskets and increase the efficiency of the connection.
To check the quality of the work done on laying the pipeline, you can use a candle or a flashlight. The light source is installed at one end of the tube, and if on the other it is easily visible, then everything is done correctly.

Today, a well-equipped country house is not an exception, but rather a confirmation of the rule. At the same time, the arrangement of the water disposal system is perhaps the most difficult task. Sewerage in a country house can be produced in different ways, differing in efficiency, practicality and, of course, cost. Which one to choose is for the owner of the house to decide. Let's consider the main options for the arrangement of autonomous sewerage, the only possible system in the absence of centralized water disposal.

There are many different technologies for wastewater disposal. They are united by the main principle: as a result of their use, the damage to the environment should be minimal, and ideally absent altogether. The main options for autonomous sewage systems are:

cesspools;
septic tanks of various types;
deep bio-cleaning station.

The designs and operating principles of the systems vary significantly, but they all comply with the requirements of the current SanPin.

Option # 1 - cesspools

The simplest device, which is a storage pit of household waste, can often be found in country houses. Its main advantage is the extreme simplicity of the arrangement.

There are two types of system:

Pit with sealed walls and a filter layer on the bottom. The effluents get inside, partially cleaned, passing through the filter, and leave in deep layers of soil. The device occasionally requires cleaning in the form of pumping out the accumulated sludge. The main drawback is low throughput. If the amount of sewage exceeds 1 cubic meter per day, such a system can not be used.
Hermetic cesspool.The structure is a storage tank, which is periodically cleaned by a sewage machine. Such sewerage in a country house can be arranged independently: the store is made of concrete, bricks, cinder blocks, eurocubes, metal barrels and even tires. The capacity of industrial production can be used, which are produced in different volumes and shapes. It requires frequent cleaning, for which certain money is spent.

Disadvantages of cesspools of both types are:

High risk of contamination of soil and sources of drinking water.
Unpleasant smells on the site and near the cesspool.

The main disadvantage of cesspools and storage tanks of any type is the need for regular evacuation of accumulated domestic wastewater, which requires some costs to pay for the services of a sewage machine

To minimize disadvantages, the location of facilities on the site is subject to certain requirements. From the central water pipeline to the cesspool should be no less than 10 m, and from the well with drinking water - a minimum of 20 m. Houses and structures in both their own and in the neighboring territory must be located not less than 12 m from the pit, otherwise destruction or underflooding of the foundation. The distance from the fence is at least 1 m. The depth of the structure depends on the groundwater level and can not be more than 3 m.

Option # 2 - construction of a septic tank

A septic tank is a device for collection and subsequent purification of domestic wastewater. The basis of functioning is based on the principles of gravitational uptake and bio-purification, carried out with the use of bioenzymatic drugs or forced, as well as natural methods of soil after-treatment. Depending on the number of waste streams processed, the devices are divided into:

single-chamber - up to 1 cubic meter per day;
two-chamber - up to 10 cu. meters per day;
three-chamber - more than 10 cubic meters. meters per day.

Sufficiently simple: drains enter the receiving chamber, where large particles of contaminants settle in the form of silt. Further, the liquid enters the anaerobic fermentation chamber, where bacteria are used to purify the effluents. Then the drains enter the next zone, where the contaminants pass from sediment to sediment and settle to the bottom. From here the liquid comes for additional treatment to the so-called drainage fields or to filtering wells. If this is not possible, special filters with activated materials or special disinfection UV lamps can be used.

The main problem of septic tanks is insufficient wastewater treatment, therefore, additional systems post-treatment. These can be filtration fields, filter wells, and the like.

In a private house, you can arrange such a sewage system in two ways: to purchase a finished device in a store or to make it yourself. As a material for a self-made septic tank, you can choose slag blocks, bricks, etc. If the structure is executed correctly, it will work efficiently. The main disadvantages of septic tanks:

A low degree of wastewater treatment, as a result, additional post-treatment is required.
The need for regular sludge pumping from the device, and the procedure is much less frequent than when using cesspools. Drainage fields also need to be cleaned once in 5-8 years. The soil is removed, recycled, the pipes are cleaned and covered with clean soil.
In the cold season, the system can freeze.

And here's what experts say:

Option # 3 - deep bio-cleaning systems

The installation of an autonomous sewage system in a country private house may involve the use of an autonomous biological treatment complex, which is a more effective solution to the problem of sewage. The device is a multi-chamber reservoir, which is equipped with special devices aeration. They saturate the sewage with air, allowing them to multiply to bacteria consuming oxygen. Such microorganisms are much more effective than anaerobic digesting organic impurities. The process that takes place in the treatment plants is similar to that occurring in nature. He's only slightly accelerated.

As a result of the use of bio-treatment complexes, the effluents are completely purified and separated into industrial water and activated sludge, which can be used several times. Used sludge is used as an excellent fertilizer. On sale, there are many models of sewage treatment plants that have some differences in the principles of operation and small design differences. Choosing a device for your site, you need to focus on the conditions in which the system will be operated.

The device of the water drain in the country house. How to make a summer cottage

Necessary materials