Taking the readings from the heat meter. Counters for heating in the apartment - a variety of appliances and installation issues. How to calculate the heat meters
Instructions
Take the instruction and determine what kind of counter you have. At present, many varieties of three-phase counters are produced. Basically, only two types are used - electronic and induction. Compared with electronic induction has more advantages. This is explained by the fact that in the mid-90's they were installed in each house and at present their service life has not expired.
Passive residential complex Wiesbaden-Dozheim
This is the first German passive house with 22 houses. Thus, consumption in the settlement of a passive house is 80% lower than in the village of Nisernhausen. This is absolutely lower than in calculations with low power consumption, but the user's behavior relative to a much lower average consumption value is more impressive. Thus, energy savings by passive house standard is guaranteed.
Passive residential complex Hannover-Kronsberg
Savings from low energy levels and, at least, savings from average consumption in Germany. This means that consumption in this settlement with passive housing is 81% lower than consumption of low-energy settlements. Figure 4: Consumption statistics for the passive housing settlement of Hanover-Kronsberg.
Inspect the meter carefully. Counters differ in numerical values. They are three-valued and four-digit. In the first case, the maximum figure equals 1000 kW / h, in the second 10,000 kW / h. At the achievement of 999 or 9999 kW / h the indicators are completely reset, and the counting electricity consumption begins with zero. Take these features into account before taking the figures.
Passive house in the village of Stuttgart-Feuerbach
The values of consumption, measured with the help of heat meters of all populated passive houses of the settlement, were in all the periods studied. In this settlement there are several emissions that are clearly recognized as such. In the passive house of the village of Stuttgart-Feuerbach, extremely low heat consumption is statistically ensured.
Independent confirmation in future projects
Consumption in passive houses, according to these measurements, is 80% lower than in already good houses with low energy consumption. All the averages are in good agreement with the pre-calculated values in accordance with the passive house design package. Further empirical studies independently confirmed the results described here on other sites.
Determine the amount of energy consumed. For this, take the indicator for the past month and take it away from the current one. In this way, you will receive the amount of electricity consumption for the current period, since the last payment. Write it down on a piece of paper.
Translate the result, which turned out, into a monetary unit, that is, the amount that you should pay. To do this, multiply the difference in kilowatts by the current tariff.
Jacob is the owner's association of the same name. A feature of 19 apartments on an area of 842 m² is an atypical northern orientation of eight apartments. With them, the facade with large windows is aligned to the north, as in Taun there is a free view. This makes it clear that this alignment problem can also be solved without problems. The measurement result in this project also corresponds to the previously calculated demand value.
The world's largest passive house in Heidelberg
Residential buildings in the village were surveyed using a simplified measurement method for the values of heat consumption. Savings compared with the reference calculation is 77%.
Passive house with two bedrooms Nuremberg-Wetzendorf
Burkhard Schultze Dahup is an architect.But there is also a situation where readings it is necessary to remove when replacing the counters. Most often this is a three-digit replacement for a four-digit one. In this case, sum up the old readings and new, after which the result multiplied by the tariff and in the end you get the amount of payment for the month.
Tip 2: How to correctly measure the meter in 2017
Water meters are now installed in most apartments - they allow you to track the amount of water passing through your pipes, and also save money on paying for hot and cold water. Also, the water meter allows a timely leakage of water - if there is a leak, you will notice that the sensor arrows or red triangles do not rotate. In this article, we will tell you how to correctly capture metrics from the meter in order to competently monitor the waste of water in your apartment.
The measured values of more than 800 apartments in the new building of the Passive House and about 170 apartments in conversion with passive house elements show that the concept of the passive house has proved very reliable in terms of thermal energy, which, in comparison with the old building material, about 80% on average compared to legal requirements for new buildings. These savings were confirmed by statistically significant empirical studies and confirmed in a large number of projects.
The highest specific consumption values associated with use in passive houses are also significantly lower than the lowest in conventional new buildings. Different users, even if they live in the same houses, often have significantly different consumption values: deviations from ± 50% of the mean value are no exception, but represent the expected normal distribution. This applies to all energy standards. The most important reason for this distribution is the simultaneous measurements at various desired temperature settings during the heating period.
Instructions
Counters are divided into two types - with a drum digital sensor and with a conventional dial. Remove metrics counter with the drum sensor is very simple - rewrite the numbers of the drums from the long slot every month and compare the new numbers with the previous ones to track the water flow in each month.
To assess the energy standard of a building for these purposes, the average value of a sufficiently large choice of identical buildings is always required. The results of measurements are regularly well matched with the previously calculated values of demand in passive house projects. The balance instrument is an excellent tool for reliably predicting the average heat demand during the planning phase. This applies to new buildings, as well as to restorations. The difference between claims and reality can not be established in the standard of a passive house.
Passive components of the house can also be used successfully for repairs. In conclusion, we can additionally summarize what the measurements in Passive House projects confirm. Individual measures are effective, namely thermal insulation, three-layer thermal insulation glazing, airtightness and heat recuperation. Often complains "Breakthrough performance", that is, the difference between claims and reality, does not exist with a passive standard. Deviations between the calculated balance and the measured values are very small. . For all measuring projects, heat distribution was measured at the heat transfer station.
Subtract the previous number from the new number and get the desired result - the amount of water spent for the reporting period.
On the small dial there is a reading of cubic meters (1000 liters). The remaining dials display tens, thousands and tens of thousands cubic meters water. Consider the numbers through which the arrow passes in the desired direction from 0 to 9 and count the total number of liters of water spent in your house.
The entire measurement procedure is described in FIG. In addition, for each house there is a common heat meter for the central supply. This measurement detects loss of distribution and possible loss of heat transfer. However, the measurement does not include heat generator losses.
Note for those who are familiar with mathematics
For all the results listed here, this is a heated living area; therefore, a reference was made to the locality, which is also the basis for calculating heating costs and all published statistics. It is for this reason that the real living space is used as a reference in this article. In the diagrams, we also drew the corresponding Gaussian or normal distributions.
If you had to install counterwhere there is a danger of contamination or the place is accessible to unauthorized persons, then counter it is better to install it in a special cabinet. Such a cabinet has a window at the level of the dial and is locked with a key.
Availability of twists and rations in the wiring to countery is not allowed. The smallest cross-section of wires to counteram 2.5 mm2 aluminum wires 4 mm2. About counterwhen installing wiring, leave the ends of the wires at least 120 mm. Before counterohm insulation on the length of the zero wire 100 mm should be different in color. In rooms with voltage in the networks up to 380 volt , it is necessary to provide for disconnection counterand a special switching device at a distance of 10 meters from countera.
Loss of thermal energy
In fact, their reverse, i.e. function, available in spreadsheet programs with "Normin". M is the mean value, and σ is the standard deviation. . A look at the diagrams shows that the values of heat consumption of identical objects are very well approximated by the normal distribution.
It also discusses the fact that de facto distribution is truncated at zero. On behalf of the city of Heidelberg. Passive house planning package. This gave me an interesting overview of the meaning, purpose and functions of the detection blocks. Distributors of the amount of heat - distributors of heat costs Distributors of thermal energy, strictly speaking, do not have measuring instruments. They do not measure the physical quantity, but record the values that are used to calculate heating costs that depend on consumption.
When you install counter, ensure reliable, strong contact of the connecting wires. Tighten the terminal screws in 2 steps. If using a copper flexible wire when connecting, pre-tin with solder beforehand. Use tin-lead solder, it will provide a more reliable connection. Recommended after six months of use counterbut to call a representative of the organization supplying electricity and check contacts in the terminal row.
The individual heating costs of individual users are determined only by the fact that the results of several heat cost allocators are compared with each other. Distributors of heating costs are usually used to determine the consumption of several residential units.
On the other hand, the heat consumed by the household connection to a district heating source that is supplied by an external electricity company is measured by a heat or heat meter. In addition, in apartments this can be a heat meter if the heat distribution allocator is not suitable, for example, if the apartment has heated floors.
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Helpful advice
If you want to check if the meter is connected correctly, if its readings are correct, then turn off all your electrical appliances and see how the counter disk behaves. If it does not rotate, then the installation went well. It is possible to calculate correctly whether the meter counts the consumed electricity. Take an electrical appliance from which you know the power. Turn it on for 5 minutes and see how much electricity it will consume. Compare the costs of passport data and the meter. If the results are different, contact the energy supplier.
Connecting the meter is a mandatory activity, but it is necessary to make sure that the account brings the maximum benefit.
The heat energy distributors consist of a rear part, usually made of metal, which is heat conductive and connected to a radiator, and a front part that is placed on the rear and sealed. This front, usually made of plastic, contains a device that detects the values. When the radiator is heated, the rear of the heat spreader is also heated. For each radiator, the measured value must be multiplied by the individual coefficient, which must take into account the differences in heat transfer due to the different size and design of the radiators, as well as the different heat transfer from the radiator to the heat distribution allocator. If this correction is made in accounting for heat costs, each distributor of costs for evaporation heating can be equipped with the same scale. For immediate correction, different heat distributors with different scales are required, depending on the type of radiator, which already takes into account the correction factor. In the case of electronic thermal energy distributors, the correction factor is programmed, and this correction is determined and performed for both systems when the heat distribution allocator is installed. These temperature values are measured during the heating period. . Types of thermal energy distributors There are two large types of thermal energy distributors.
Sources:
- connection of a three-phase meter in 2017
Take off readings electric counter necessary every month. Unfortunately, some tenants refer to this simple operation negligently. They read by mistake readings neighborhood counter, or do not comply with the security measures, or even forget to remove readings counter.
Distributors of thermal energy with the principle of evaporation are equipped with a liquid-filled glass tube that is exposed to heat. Since the glass tube is open from above, the measuring liquid evaporates faster at higher temperatures. On the front panel of the thermal energy distributor, the scale indicates how much liquid has evaporated, this measured value is the basis for accounting for heat costs.
How to install the heat meter yourself; Do I have the right to install a heat meter on my own
The number of samples and their errors can be inaccurate, since also a small measuring liquid evaporates when the radiator is cold, for example, at high temperatures in the summer. This cold evaporation should be taken into account by filling the measuring tube at the zero point of the scale. However, incorrect measurements can occur in rare cases. This should always be feared if the measured values in individual dwellings show large differences that may arise from the fact that the scale in the dwelling has been exposed to other sources of heat, for example, a sun or a candle standing constantly next to the heater.
You will need
- Lamp
Instructions
If you have obtained consent, make a statement requesting to transfer the location of your electricity meter from the floorboard to your living space. Be sure to mention that you guarantee access to the apartment to inspectors who check electricity meters and take readings.
The liquid tube is either replaced or closed by a new one during the annual basic reading and stored for one year in the heat distribution allocator. The measuring liquid has different colors every year. "Modern" meters of evaporation. electronic meters Distributors of thermal energy with very narrow tubes are called capillary distributors of thermal energy. They need less measuring fluid, which is not indisputable with regard to their safety in terms of health.
In terms of readability, they are designed to connect to electronic heat distribution, but they are cheaper than these. Now you know everything about the functioning of heat counters. Since you can read it yourself to estimate your consumption, you will find in my article "Reviewers of heating costs read - how is this correct?".
The specialists of the management organization will conduct all the proper electrical work, check your new device and seal it. They must draw up an act of carrying out the transfer in two copies, one of which will remain with you. You have to pay for all the work yourself.
But another situation may arise, in which the transfer of the IPP will not be possible. The project documentation of your home should provide for the possibility of transferring the meter from the site to the apartment. The cost of making changes to the apartment building plan is large enough, so before you insist on moving, think again.
If you want to perform electrical installation work on your own, please note that it is strictly prohibited to switch off and connect the electricity meters on your own. Only a representative of the managing organization can do this.
A new replacement device should be chosen from those designed for operation in networks where 220 volts and up to 10 amperes are applied. He must have a passport and a valid certificate of compliance. Yet on the electricity meter there must be a seal with a stigma that indicates a state inspection.
Modern devices provide for a multi-tariff system of payment for electricity, which will ensure you a monthly savings when paying.
Sources:
- Transfer of an electricity meter from a forest ranger to an apartment
- how to replace an electricity meter in an apartment
The drug "Melaxen" is prescribed for violations of temporary adaptation. It is used as an adaptogen to establish the normal biological rhythm of the body, and also as a hypnotic.
The composition of "Melaxen", indications for use
"Melaxen" is available in the form of coated tablets. One tablet The preparation contains active substance melatonin in an amount of 3 mg, as well as auxiliary components: calcium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose.
"Melaxen" is an analogue of the synthetic hormone epiphysis, which normalizes the function of circadian rhythms (cyclic fluctuations in the intensity of biological processes). He normalizes the sleep-wake cycle, diurnal changes in motor activity and body temperature. The drug accelerates the process of falling asleep, normalizes sleep, improves its quality, reduces the number of nocturnal awakenings. The drug has an immunostimulating and antioxidant effect, it does not cause habituation.
Analogues of "Melaxen" - "Melatonin", "Circadian", "Vita-melatonin".
"Melaxen" is appointed:
- as a hypnotic,
- for the rapid adaptation of a person to the change of time zones in order to reduce the risk of stress.
The medicine does not cause a feeling of fatigue, lethargy and weakness on waking , but on the contrary, it helps to improve the state of health in the morning. After taking the drug, dreams become brighter and more intense.
The drug is prescribed adults for ½ or 1 tablet once a day for 30 minutes before bedtime. When changing time zones, you need to take one tablet of medicine the day before the flight, and in the next few days - one tablet half an hour before bedtime. You can take two pills "Melaxen" per day.
Side effects, contraindications to the appointment of "Melaxen"
"Melaxen" is contraindicated in severe violations of kidney function, autoimmune diseases, leukemia, epilepsy, lymphoma, myeloma, of pregnancy , thoracic feeding , lymphogranulomatosis, sugar diabetes , allergic reactions. You can not take the drug simultaneously with cyclosporine, glucocorticosteroids and drugs-inhibitors MAO.
Women who want to become pregnant should be aware that "Melaxen" has a mildly contraceptive effect.
It is not necessary to combine "Melaxen" with hormonal medicinal means . Taking the drug simultaneously with beta-blockers and drugs, depressing the central nervous system, contributes to the strengthening of their action. "Melaxen" according to reviews can cause headache, morning drowsiness, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, swelling, allergic reactions. In case of drug overdose side effects intensified, in this case requires washing the stomach and taking activated charcoal.
"Sinupret" is a medicinal product of plant origin. The drug has anti-inflammatory, secretory and expectorant action. He is appointed, mainly, to remove the swelling of the nasal mucosa with a runny nose and cough.
Pharmacological properties and indications for the use of the preparation "Sinupret"
The structure of Sinupret includes extracts of gentian roots, sorrel grass, primrose flowers, verbena grass, elderberry flowers. The medicine reduces the swelling of the mucous respiratory tract and restores its protective properties, promotes the outflow of secretions from the sinuses of the nose and upper respiratory organs, exerts an antiviral effect on the body.
"Sinupret" is produced in the form of dragees and in the form of drops for oral administration.
"Sinupret" is prescribed as part of a comprehensive treatment of respiratory diseases, accompanied by the formation of a viscous secretion:
- influenza,
- Acute or chronic sinusitis (inflammation of the paranasal sinuses),
- pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa),
- laryngitis (inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa),
- bronchitis (inflammatory disease of the bronchi with lesions of the mucous membrane),
- Tracheitis (inflammation of the mucous trachea),
- tracheobronchitis ,
- pneumonia (pneumonia),
- pulmonary tuberculosis ,
- cystic fibrosis (systemic hereditary a disease characterized by defeat of the glands of external secretion).
Instructions for the use of Sinupret
"Sinupret" appoint 50 drops, or 2 tablets three times a day. Children who have an age of 2 to 6 years, should give the drug 15 drops three times a day, children at the age of 6 to 16 years give 1 dragee or 25 drops of the drug 3 times a day. Adults should take a drop in undiluted form, children under 16 years of age, the drug is diluted in water, juice or tea.
It is forbidden to give "Sinupret" in the form of drops to children under two years, in the form of pills - for children under 6 years.
"Sinupret" is not used in patients with hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, as well as in case of lactose intolerance. The drug in the form of drops is contraindicated in patients with alcoholism or patients who have completed the course treatment of alcoholism . "Sinupret" with caution prescribed for diseases of epilepsy, liver, with brain injuries. Do not use the drug during lactation. With simultaneous application with antibiotics of burns 2 and 3 degrees of severity, purulent-inflammatory skin diseases, trophic ulcers, boils.
The active ingredients of the drug "Levomekol" are chloramphenicol and methyluracil . The antibiotic chloramphenicol affects pathogenic bacteria, stopping their development and vital activity. Methyluracil has an immunomodulatory effect, promotes tissue regeneration and eliminates inflammatory processes.
Due to its composition, "Levomekol" keeps antibacterial activity even in the presence of purulent formations.
Instructions for use
To apply the drug used sterile gauze wipes. They are impregnated with ointment and then fill with a wound. Napkins should not be placed tightly, the filling should be "loose". In the purulent cavity ointment is injected through the catheter with a syringe. The preparation in this case must be preheated to a temperature of 35-36 ° C.In the treatment of cuts, boils and pimples ointment is applied to a gauze cloth or cotton wool and priklydyvayut to the inflamed place, if necessary fixing a napkin plaster . The drug should be used daily until the wound is completely cleared from purulent-necrotic formations. Bandages should be changed as the release of purulent masses - once a day or more often.
Contraindications
Ointment is not used for hypersensitivity to its components, with psoriasis and fungal skin lesions. Pregnant women drug can be used for a short period of time and on small surfaces. When applying ointments during lactation, thoracic Feeding should be stopped.In rare cases, when using ointments, allergic reactions may occur.
With the constant increase in tariffs for heating, more people are beginning to think about saving. If your intentions are serious enough, then it's time to think about installing a heat meter. Its availability is a reliable guarantee that you will not pay extra money for the heat, which for various reasons has never reached you.
Sponsor P & G Articles Related articles "How to take readings on a heat meter" How to install heat meters in an apartment How to pay less for heating How to choose a dishwasher
Instructions
All types of heat meters differ from one another in the principle of measuring heat consumption. There are turbine, vortex-acoustic, electromagnetic, vane, ultrasonic and karyolis heat meters, the action of which is based on the differential pressure. The most popular are electromagnetic and ultrasonic models.
The principle of operation of electromagnetic flowmeters is based on the fact that water has electrical conductivity. Water, passing through the electromagnetic field of the coil, excites an electromotive force proportional to the flow velocity. In fact, it is a piece of pipe with built-in electrodes and an electromagnetic coil.
Ultrasonic heat meters measure the difference in the time of passage of a signal through water, depending on its speed. So at zero flow the difference of time intervals will be zero, and at maximum flow, respectively, the maximum. The design of the ultrasonic heat meter resembles an electromagnetic counter, but instead of electrodes and a coil, ultrasonic sensors are mounted in it. Heat meters are installed on the inputs to the houses.
In addition to the heat energy going to the heating, they measure the energy spent on heating the water in the DHW system. When taking readings, be sure to take into account the temperature at the entrance and exit from the system. The amount of spent heat energy can be measured in Gcal, kJ and MW.
All the heat meter readings are transferred to Gcal. So 1 Gcal corresponds to 1.163 MW and 4.187 GJ. It is mandatory to take into account the operating time of the device, as well as its operating time. The readings of the instruments you can shoot, depending on their technical equipment - from a storage console, laptop or printer.
Do not forget to have a log book next to the shield to keep a record of the readings, with which you can monitor the amount you have provided to the heat supply organization.
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