Construction of gas distribution systems, organization of construction and installation works

Any construction production, especially if it concerns the gas part, is carried out solely on the basis of the completed engineering and construction design. And for capital construction projects, any project must necessarily contain a section - the construction organization project (PIC). The basis is the Town-planning Code of the Russian Federation and the Decree of the Government Russian Federation from February 16, 2008 N 87.

PIC, as well as PPR (work plan) - is a graphic illustrator and a calendar schedule of the planned algorithm for construction and installation works at the facility. For example, for gas facilities, CVJ maintains a work log for each object, which records all actions on the construction site.

The customer notifies the territorial body of construction supervision about the beginning of the construction works on gasification of the facility, at least. than 10 days before the planned start of construction. Before the construction starts, the gas pipeline routes are broken down according to the project. And when carrying out general and excavation works It is necessary to comply with the requirements for elevation marks, transitions and outlets of all gas and pipelines from the ground.

Throughout the length of the route of steel underground gas pipelines, it is necessary to provide rappers or identification signs. These plates should contain information about the diameter of the pipeline, the pressure, the depth of installation and the dispatching phone of the service organization. All connecting operations on gas pipelines are made by welding. Depending on the project. It is allowed to use polyethylene and steel gas pipelines of low or medium pressure. Welding works can be subdivided into electric gas welding (G111, RD3111) or welding with embedded electric heaters (PE).

An obligatory element and one of the types hidden works is the laying under the ground of an alarm tape with the inscription "Caution! GAS!" And in places of intersection with other underground communications, the signal tape is stacked twice at a distance between the 20 cm layer and 2 m at both ends from the intersection of communications. For the need to connect the steel parts of the pipeline (for example, condensate collectors or gas inlets) with polyethylene pipes, prefabricated structures are used - the so-called permanent connections St / PE.

Also on the objects apply general construction and formwork. Why use reinforcement, inexpensive sand concrete, welded corners, sand for backfilling of foundation pits and trenches, etc. All kinds of excavation and construction work along with gas works. are compulsorily issued by interim certificates with the entry in the log of production.

This requirement extends to the acceptance of responsible structures at gas facilities. All materials and equipment arriving at the facility are recorded by acts of entrance control. This applies not only to gas fittings or equipment, but also to metal rolling, fast-hardening concrete, sand and sand-cement mixtures, paint, primers, etc., general-purpose materials.

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Introduction

In the gas economy of Russia, about 350,000 km of gas distribution pipelines are located, including more than 30,000 km. polyethylene. Primary use for the construction of external gas pipelines polyethylene pipes, which has been carried out in our country since the beginning of the 1990s, made it possible to significantly reduce the accident rate at these facilities and for many years to solve the reliability problem. The main field of application of polyethylene pipes * distribution gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.6 MPa. Over this pressure, polyethylene pipes have not been used until recently due to limitations imposed by existing normative documents - SNiP 2.04.08 - 87, SP 42-101-96. For gas pipelines with a pressure of over 0.6 MPa, only steel pipes continue to be used, which is not the best technical solution in terms of durability.

The volume of application of gas pipelines of high (1 category) pressure in Russia is objectively large. In the face of the need for widespread savings and operating costs the demand for the selection and application of more durable materials than steel is on the agenda.

In order to change the structure of consumption of pipes used to construct gas pipelines with a pressure of 1.2 MPa, work is intensified to find polymeric materials capable of withstanding such pressure. The relevance of this area of work is confirmed by world experience. Since 1980, in the developed countries of Western Europe, the United States, Japan, consumption volumes steel pipes as a whole are steadily declining. At the same time, where the working pressure does not require the use of steel pipes, the use of pipes made of polymer materials is increasing.

For high-pressure gas pipeline systems, the possibility of using pipes from both traditional polyethylene and other polymer materials is being explored. For example, the emerging need for materials for high-pressure systems brought to life proposals for the use of the products of the military-industrial complex for this purpose, the freed capacities of which contributed to the organization of the production of composite (biplastic) glass-plastic pipes based on compounds made of polyester (GRE) and epoxy (GRP) resins. Such pipes have great strength, comparable to the strength of steel pipes.

Generally possible options is the use of:

§ Pipes made of embroidered polyethylene

§ pipes based on thermoplastic composite materials

§ Bi-plastic pipes

§ pipes made of PE 100 SDR 9.

It should be remembered that the existing * SNiP 2.04.08-87 limitation of working pressure in gas pipelines from polyethylene pipes to 0.6 MPa is due to the use to date of pipes from PE 63 (up to 2000) and PE 80 with the standard SDR It and SDR 17.6. Attempts to solve the problem by increasing the wall thickness of PE 80 pipes were poorly grounded for economic reasons, since the wall thicknesses of SDR 7.4 pipes reach such sizes that economic issues become an obstacle to their implementation. The PE 100 pipes with a thinner wall SOR 9 appeared on the domestic market and make it possible to operate gas pipelines with operating pressure up to 1.2 MPa while avoiding excessive costs.

Thus, despite the wide variety of pipes made of different polymer materials, pipes made of conventional polyethylene remain the most attractive for the construction of high-pressure gas distribution systems. This is facilitated by the following factors:

Continuous improvement of the recipe of raw materials is being carried out by several leading world manufacturers who have achieved a twofold increase in the long-term strength index of the material over the past 35 years (from PE 50 through PE 63 and PE VO to PE 100, and further to PE 125);

with a steady increase in the strength characteristics of new polyethylene grades, the possibility remains for them to be processed into pipes by a high-efficiency screw extrusion method, high plasticity (due to the content of 40-45 % amorphous phase), a wide interval of a viscous-flowing state, providing a high quality of welding;

a well-established factory quality control and testing system guarantees the absence of poor quality products, and the test methods themselves are well developed and do not require the development of new evaluation criteria;

there is the possibility of mass production of pipes at any of the pipe plants engaged in the production of polyethylene pipes;

despite the rather high cost of pipes PE 100 SOR 9, they still win over metal and other types of pipes due to the less laborious installation;

transition in a comprehensive scale from one type of material to another does not take time to train the relevant personnel;

the use of polyethylene pipes does not require the re-equipment of construction and installation organizations with new equipment, changes in the organization of work or laying technologies, incl. trenchless;

the existing regulatory framework already covers the specifics of using polyethylene pipes for gas distribution systems, performing the necessary calculations and practically does not require a change.

In the light of the foregoing, it is not surprising that experiments on increasing the pressure in gas pipelines in other countries are conducted using pipes made of polyethylene.

In Denmark, in 1993, an experimental laying of a gas pipeline with a pressure of 0.7 MPa was carried out from pipes PE100 SDK 11 of grade HE 2492 from Borealis (C 2.86) in a sparsely populated area of Ikasta (Jutland peninsula) where population density according to the national scale ASME corresponded to classes 1 (very low) and 2 (low). Based on the experience gained, the issue of the possibility of laying such gas pipelines along more densely populated areas should be resolved, and the possibility of operating gas pipelines at a pressure of up to 1.0 MPa with a safety factor of 2.0 is determined.

In general, many European countries have begun transition to an increase in the operating parameters of transported gas from 0.4 MPa to 1.0 MPa in distribution networks based on polyethylene. In 2000, in Germany, the technical standards of the German Union of Gas and Resource Engineers N 0 472 "Polyethylene gas pipelines for operating pressures up to 10 bar (PE 60, PE 100," cross-linked "polyethylene) were approved. Structures ", which recommend the use of PE 100 SDR 11 pipes for gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 10 bar. In the UK, the use of PE 100 pipes with SDR 11 at a pressure of 1.0 MPa is being considered.

Thus, polyethylene PE 100 in most cases "provides the basis for use polymer pipes at pressures up to 1.2 MPa. Welding of such pipes can be done using traditional technical means, including welding machines with a high degree of automation of the welding process. This will largely solve the problem of reliability of welded joints. The expected appearance of new grades of polyethylene with MRS 12.5 will probably open the way to even greater pressure increase in polyethylene gas distribution networks. Prospects of pipelines from reinforced polyethylene and fiberglass are still viewed in the direction of their use in gas distribution systems above 1.2 MPa, which is also a promising task and it is not necessary to refuse research in these areas.

Several experimental gas pipelines at a pressure of 1.0 -1.2 MPa are already operating in Russia. The most promising from the perspective of the planned studies are gas pipelines in the Orenburg, Penza and Oryol regions. The construction of experimental gas pipelines should give an answer onwhich polymeric materials are most suitable for these purposes.

The use of new materials requires a special approach and understanding when they are used not by objects controlled by Gosgortechnadzor of Russia.

1. Зemulsion works

1.1 Physical and mechanical properties of soils

In the construction industry, soils are the rocks lying in the upper layers of the earth's crust.

According to ENR, cb.E2 issue 1 determine the mechanical properties of the soil.

Type of soil		Soil group depending on the difficulty of its development
	depth of trench, m

			soil development

sand with impurities			excavator III with backhoe "
			rotary bulldozer
			grader

1 .2 Oprahextraction of excavation works

1. Cutting the plant layer.

Counting the amount of work to cut the plant layer.

F avg. races. layer = A * L (m 2)

where, L is the length of the construction site (m)

A is the width of the construction site (m)

F sr.rasnoy layer = 392.5 * 2 = 785 m 2

2.Predvaritelnaya layout of the construction site.

Cutting the surplus soil and filling the depressions is done "by eye", resulting in a relatively flat surface without the specified marks.

3.Development of the trench

Calculation of volumes for trench development.

a) Trench width at the bottom:

a = 0.11 + 0.2 = 0.31 m

b) Trench width at the top:

where, h is the height of the trench (m)

m is the time slope value (m)

b = 0.31 + 2 * 1.1 * 0.35 = 1.08 m

c) Trench volume:

d) The volume of the gas pipeline:

e) The volume of the trench under the pit for welded pipes:

V pr = 0, 05 * V (m 3)

V pr = 0, 05 * 300, 06 = 15 m 3

e) Total trench volume:

V sum = V + V pr (m 3)

V sum = 300, 06 + 15 = 315, 06 m 3

4. Volume of soil for manual trenching:

V podch = a * L * h n, (m 3)

V podch = 0, 31 * 392, 5 * 0, 05 = 6, 08 (m 3)

where, 0,05 ... ..0,2 m - the depth of the layer according to the manual revision of the trench.

5. Volume of soil by backfill:

a) Manual backfilling (sinus padding)

The width of the sinus padding on the top

In the sub. = A + 2 * (d + 0.1) * m, (m)

In the sub-range = 0.31 + 2 * (0.11 + 0.1) * 0.35 = 0.45m

Surface area

F subb = B sub * L, (m)

F subb = 0, 45 * 392, 5 = 176.62m

Volume of trenching

Volume of the sinus padding:

V sinuses = V sub. tranche -Vtr (m 3)

V sinuses = 196.6-3.72 = 192.56 m 3

b) Mechanized backfilling:

Backfilling volume

V backfilling = V sum -V tr - V sinuses, (m 3)

V backfilling = 315.06-3.72-192.56 = 118.78 m 3

c) Cavalier arrangement

When arranging cavaliers for backfilling, the volume of soil in the cavalry is calculated by the formula:

V kav = V backfill * K pr (m 3)

where, К пр - coefficient of initial loosening of the soil.

V kav = 118.78 * 1.12 = 133.03 m 3

The cross-sectional area of the cavalier is calculated by the formula:

F kav = F tp * K pr (m 2)

F kav = 0,341 * 1, 12 = 0, 38 m 2

F тр - cross-sectional area of the trench, m 2

F tp = a * h (m 2)

F tp = 0.31 * 1.1 = 0.341 m 2

The height and width of the cavalier at the bottom with the angle of the natural slope of 45 ° are expressed by the formula:

1 .3 Selection of the optimal earth-moving transport kit machines

Selection of sets of machines.

1 Option	Option 2
Cutting of the vegetative layer
Bulldozer DZ-8 (T-100)	Grader DZ-99 (D-710B)

Bulldozer DZ-8 (T-100)	Grader DZ-99 (D-710B)
Development of soil (driving machine)

Development of soil with loading in dump trucks

Back filling with packing
Bulldozer DZ-8 (T-100) ramming the IE-4502	Bulldozer DZ-29 (T-74) ramming the IE-4502
Site planning and reclamation
Bulldozer DZ-8 (T-100)	Bulldozer DZ-29 (T-74)

The estimated cost of machines and the cost of machine shifts.

Name of machines	The average cost of mash.sm., With mash.smr.	Inventory- calculated cost of cars, C is thousands of rubles	The norm of the number of shifts in the work of machines per year, T
	1 Option
Multi-bucket rotary excavator ER-7AM
Bulldozer DZ-8 (T-100)
Excavator straight shovel EO-4321, bucket capacity 0.8 m 3 (with hydraulic drive)
	Option 2
Excavator with backhoe E-505, bucket capacity 0,65m 3 (with mechanical drive)
Grader DZ-99 (D-710B)
Bulldozer DZ-29 (T-74) ramming the IE-4502
Excavator with backhoe EO-4121A, bucket capacity 0,65m (with hydraulic drive)

Technical and economic comparison of sets of machines.

1) Production cost of 1 m 3 of soil

With mash.sm - is the sum of the average cost of a machine shifts all the mechanisms of the kit

П см.выр (вед) - changeable development of the leading machine

2. Specific capital investments for the development of 1 m 3 of soil

K ud = 1.07 / P cm.reve (ved) *? C is / t year

where, C is the inventory estimated cost of machines included in the kit

T year is the normative number of shifts per machine year.

3. The resulted expenses for working out 1м 3 ground

Pd = C + E * K ud

We calculate the technical and economic parameters for the 1 variant, the leading machine is the multi-bucket rotary excavator ER-7AM.

Pd = 0.24 + 0.15 * 0.36 = 0.29

Calculate the technical and economic indicators for the 2 variants, the leading machine is the backhoe excavator E-505.

Pd = 0.4 + 0.15 * 0.6 = 0.49

The obtained data is reduced to a table and compared:

Conclusion: The first set of machines is the most economical according to the obtained parameters, where the machine is a continuous machine. Therefore, for the development of the soil, we choose the barometric machine BGM-2U.

Basic tractor - MTZ-82

Depth of the trench, mm - 0 ... ..1400

Trench width, mm - 210,270,410

Weight, kg - 6605

1.4 Dump Truck Selection

Since the width of the trench on the bottom is 0.31m, therefore the volume of the exported soil will be small enough so we choose a dumper for the MAZ 549 brand with a body capacity of 5.1m 3.

Transportation and storage of pipes.

Pipes can be transported by any mode of transport with a closed or open body. Connecting parts are recommended to be delivered to the object in a container with a secure fastening and the inscription: "DO NOT DROP." When transporting and storing, pipes and fittings should be laid on a flat surface without sharp protrusions to avoid bumps, mechanical loads and scratching. When loading and unloading works, it is not allowed to move the pipes by dragging.

Storage of pipes in a horizontal position on racks, in storage rooms, excluding hit sunlight. Connective parts are stored in closed warehouses, in conditions that exclude their deformation, oil and grease ingress (in plastic bags), no closer than 1m from heating appliances. The parts with embedded heater are stored in individual sealed plastic bags.

2. Selection of load-liftingmounting furon the installation parameters

Laying PE pipes produced cranes with a diameter of more than 180mm in other cases, laying is done manually using a soft stop (towel) not damaging the surface of the pipes. The maximum distance between the lifting points of the grasping means is adopted depending on the diameter of the pipeline in accordance with the following table:

Average spans for pipe laying.

Distance value (m) depending on d

2. 1 Selection of welding equipment

Welding with a heated butt-end tool is connected by polyethylene pipes having a wall thickness of more than 5 mm. Butt welding is performed at t -15 to +40, but we use the butt welding machine P250BCNC (Rothenberger, Germany).

Specifications.

1. Method of welding control - manual or automatic.

2. Temperature range up to 280 °.

3. The ability to weld parts - there.

4. Transportation method - portable frame.

5. Drive type - hydraulic.

6. Overall dimensions are 825х500х420mm.

Weight in kilograms.

8. The power consumption is 2700W.

2.3.2 Welding of parts with an embedded electric heater connect pipes with a diameter of 20 to 225 mm at t from -5 to +40 accept the apparatus for welding parts with an electric heater BARBARA (SAURON, France).

Specifications.

2. Power when working 4kW.

3. The main way of welding water parameters is the bar code or manual.

4. Overall dimensions are 350х230х160.

5. Weight in kg is -24.

2. 2 Source of power

Mini power station brand:

Ancillary equipment - the pipe must be cut smoothly without burrs, the cut must be as perpendicular as the pipe sample. For this purpose, scissors of the pipe cutter are used for manual stripping of violin-type or mechanical cutters. To eliminate the curvature of pipes made of beech, rectifiers are used.

2.3 Compressor selection

In production preparatory work, when blowing and testing gas pipelines with air, compressor plants are widely used. The choice of a dumper depends on:

1. The created pressure;

2. Productivity;

3. ease of transportation;

4. availability in the SMO;

5. The cost of machine shifts.

Mobile compressor plants:

3. Building general plan

Stroygenplan - general form construction site.

On stroygenplan put:

1. Roads indicating the traffic, idling paths.

2. Warehouses of materials, products, semi-finished products.

3. Placement of machines and mechanisms indicating the parking of cranes.

4. Temporary power networks, compressed air communications.

5. Temporary buildings and structures.

6. Temporary fencing, lighting.

Requirements for the construction plan:

1. Minimal cost and convenience of transportation on the site.

2. The minimum cost of temporary structures.

3. Compliance with labor protection and safety requirements, when storing warehouses, constructing bridges, etc.

4. Maximum preservation of existing green spaces.

5. Observance of gaps between buildings and structures.

Technical and economic indicators

4 . Mperformance works

4 .1 Oprahdivision of the amount of installation work

Bill of quantities of installation works

	Name		Indicators
	Pipe laying in a trench
	Installation of sand base
	Welding of joints: transitions saddle taps
	Mounting of valves control tubes
	Input device
	Installation of insulating flanges
	Gas Pipeline Testing

4. 2 ATselecting the method of production

The correct choice of the method of production of works contributes to the reduction of the construction time, the improvement of the quality of construction, the reduction of the estimated cost and the rational use of labor and material resources. When constructing gas pipelines, the following methods of production are encountered:

1. Serial

2. Combined

3. Streaming

Consistent

They are used for the construction of gas pipelines of small length. Construction and installation work is carried out by one complex team, consistently observing the conditions of work. Work begins with the performance of preparatory (1) works, which, after completion, the team moves to earthworks (2), etc.

processes

With a sequential method, a shortage is a long construction period, but at the same time a minimal quantitative employment of labor.

Combined.

The entire complex of civil and erection works for the construction of the gas pipeline is performed by two or more specialized brigades. Separate types of work are carried out with overlapping, i.e. on the same day, the brigade performs various works on different sections of the route, in such a way as not to complicate and not interrupt the technological process.

Name of works

Schedule of labor movement.

Tobsch - the general term of construction

The test. - process stability

A is the number of people employed in the operation.

With the combined production of works, the construction period is shortened, but the number of workers engaged in the production work increases, the quality of construction and installation work is increased.

Streaming.

The method of production is based on the principle of continuity and simultaneous use of resources. At the same time, the construction period is shorter, compared to the consecutive one and less labor is spent than with the mixed one.

Essence: the whole amount of work is divided into separate sections, called grippers of preferably equal labor intensity. Each execution is designed to perform a strictly defined type of work, which is carried out by specialized teams.

Graph flow with a constant rhythm.

Processes

Brigade No.

Days (seizures)

T1-duration of work per one capture

T2 - duration of work on the main grab

4.2 List of equipment and machinery needs

Name		Technical specifications

Bulldozer		tractor brand T100
Bar machine
El.tammbovka		seal depth 400 the size of the shoe 350х400 Characteristics of motor power 04 kW voltage 220V frequency 50Hz frequency of impacts 0,3Hz weight 81.5 kg
Autotrucks		body capacity 5,1 m 3 carrying capacity 8t speed 75
Butt Welding Machine	P250DCNC (Rotherberger)	The welding control method is manual or automatic. Temperature range up to 280 °. The transportation method is a portable frame. The type of drive is hydraulic. Overall dimensions are 825х500х420mm. Weight in kilograms 132. Power consumption 2700W
Apparatus for welding parts with ZN	BARBARA (SAURON)	output voltage 8-48V power when working 4kW overall dimensions 350х230х160 weight 24kg
Source of power		start-up system - manual weight 100kg rated voltage 220W frequency 50Hz maximum output power 4200W

4. 3 Requirement List parts, components, semi-finished products

Name	brand GOST	U measurement

Polyethylene pipes
Transitions	Tu 6-19-359-97
Taps 90 °	Tu 6-19-359-97
Saddle Bends	Tu 6-19-359-97
	Tu 6-19-359-97
Soft towels
Latches	GOST 12822-80
Control tubes
Insulating flanges

5 . Application area

The technological map is developed for the organization of lowering the level of groundwater with the help of a water drain.

5.1 Organization andchronology of the construction process

Drainage. Pre-drainage is often carried out in the construction of excavations and trenches, since most structures and networks of water supply and wastewater erect either in the immediate vicinity of water bodies or in conditions of watered and unstable soils. Excavations (excavations and trenches) with a small tributary of groundwater are developed using open drainage, and if the inflow is significant and the thickness of the water-saturated layer to be developed is large, then before the start of production, the groundwater table (WGW) is artificially lowered using different ways closed, i.e. ground, dewatering, which is also called water depletion.

Works on the construction of water depletion largely depend on the adopted method of mechanized development of trenches and trenches. Accordingly, the order of work is established both for the installation of water-drainage and water-reducing installations, their operation, and for the development of trenches and trenches. For example, if the foundation pit is located on the shore, within the river floodplain, then it is developed only after mounting the water-lowering equipment, and so that the lowering of the groundwater level outstrips the excavation of the pit by 1-1.5 m. If the pit is located directly in the river bed (during construction, for example, water intake or pumping station first rise), then before the work on dewatering the foundation pit is protected from the water side by special dams (crosspieces). Dehydration works are made up of removing water from a fenced trench and then pumping out water that filters into the pit.

5.2 Safety measures in case ofproduction

To the production of excavation work can not proceed without the special permission of organizations in whose jurisdiction are the land. In urban conditions, permits for the production of works are given by inspections of city councils. The locations of underground utilities and networks should be supervised by the manufacturer of the works or the master, while the use of percussion instruments (crowbars, picks, wedges, pneumatic tools) is not allowed.

In order to avoid soil collapses, it is not possible to increase the angle of the slope of the soil in excess of the established norm when digging trenches and foundation pits with slopes. Folding of soil and materials near the excavation is allowed no closer than 0.5-1 m from the edge of the foundation pit and trenches should be fenced, and at night illuminated.

6 . Environmental protection and safety equipmentclarity when installing gas pipelines

In construction special attention should pay attention to the work on development of the construction site. The rules of environmental protection require mandatory land reclamation and prevention of harmful emissions into soil, water and atmosphere.

Builders after carrying out the necessary planning work are required to perform the following activities:

to remove a fertile layer of the earth only on the mastered earths, to add this layer in the seams, after filling and compacting on it it is necessary to sow the grass and restore the vegetation.

An important issue is the fight against pollution of the construction site. Garbage must either be removed from the site, or burned in specially designated areas. It is also possible to install garbage containers.

The oil and lubricants bring great harm to the ecological situation. Therefore refueling, cleaning and other maintenance work on waste machines should be carried out in specially designated places.

Safety precautions.

The most important stage in the construction is the proper organization of the construction site and the creation of safe working conditions on it. At the stage of project development, the following should be provided: fencing of the site with a fence, arrangement of access roads and inner roads. The minimum distance between the road and the warehouse is 0,5-1 m. In the places where people move through the trenches, bridges with a width of not less than 0.6 m are provided. In hazardous locations, except for the enclosure, light signals and emergency lighting must be installed.

It is not allowed to store materials indiscriminately. The recommended distance from the workplace for sanitary facilities should be provided, electricity, water supply and sewerage networks should be connected.

One of the most important issues in the development of the master plan is the identification of hazardous areas. Hazardous areas must be protected, marked with signs.

It is not allowed to carry out work without a work order, store materials, place temporary buildings and structures near power lines.

Fire safety.

Responsibility for fire safety onconstruction site is assigned to the chiefs of the plots. They organize briefings and classes on studying safety rules and implementing the necessary measures in case of a fire.

On the construction site are provided:

sound and light signaling;

serviceable condition of roads, their good lighting;

good telephone communication;

systematic removal of fire hazardous building materials and wastes into designated areas;

equipment for special places for smoking, storage gas cylinders and acetylene generators;

To avoid the danger of spreading fire between buildings and facilities, safe distances are provided, which are called fire breaks (SNiP).

FROMpisque literature

1. SNiP 42-01-2002 "Gas distribution systems" -M.: 2003

2. PB-12-529-03 "Safety rules for gas distribution systems and gas consumption"

3. PB-12-609-03 "Safety rules for facilities using liquefied hydrocarbon systems"

4. The industry standard OST 153-39.3-051-2003. "Technical operation of gas distribution systems", "Rules technical operation and labor safety requirements in the Russian gas industry »

5. SPR42-101-2003 "Code of rules for design and construction. General Provisions on design and construction of gas distribution systems from metal and polyethylene pipes "

6. SP42-103-2003 "Design and construction of polyethylene pipes and reconstruction of worn out gas pipelines"

7. ЕНиР сб.Е1 "Intra-Arrangement Transport Work"

8. ENRiR sb. Е2 «Earthwork»

9. GOST 9.608-89 * Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging. The building is underground. General requirements to corrosion protection

10. Kargin V.Yu., Bukhin A.I. "Polyethylene gas networks"

11. Sokolov K.; "Technology and organization of construction"

12. IP Safronov, NB Guseva, "Polyethylene gas pipelines are easy".

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Introduction

The emergence and development of the gas industry in our country belongs to the fortieth years. The first gas plant was built in St. Petersburg in 1835. Later, factories were built in Riga, Vilna, Moscow, Odessa, Kharkov and some other cities, the largest of them was the Moscow plant, which was commissioned in 1865.

All gas at that time was produced from coal and was intended only for lighting, causing the gas to be called luminous. Pipes were used only cast iron with spigot joints on lead.

Currently, more than 80% of the country's population uses gas fuel in everyday life, with most of the apartments gasified with liquefied gas.

Natural gas is used mainly by industry and in heat power engineering, which accounts for about 50% of consumed gas, including 26% in power plants of the Ministry of Energy, 15% in heating boilers and 14% in industrial boiler houses. There is not a single branch of the national economy where gas is not used.

The purpose of the course project is to develop a project for the construction of PE pipeline construction, taking into account the rational organization of production and the use of modern technology.

The tasks of the course project on the professional cycle PM 02 MDK 02.01. implementation of technological processes of installation of the SGS.

to consolidate the material passed through the technology and organization of the construction of the PE pipeline;

to execute this course project in compliance with the necessary rules and regulations;

apply modern technologies production work;

use information technology in the development of a course project;

successfully protect this course project;

prepare for the qualification exam on the module and the future development of the thesis project

Characteristics of the gas pipeline, on the basis of which I will carry out calculations:

Course project for PM 01 participation in the design of gas distribution and gas consumption systems

Place of construction, Yar. Beginning of construction of an underground gas pipeline from September 1. The diameter of the polyethylene gas pipeline 110x10, the pressure is low. The length of the entire gas pipeline is 1100 m, the length of the pipes in the bays is 200 m. The ground is sandy loam. Depth of laying 1.5 m, natural foundation. Presence of highways and underground communications: water supply and electrical cable.

1. Initial data, physical and mechanical properties of soils

This course project was developed for the construction of a gas pipeline in the village of Yar. The gas pipeline is laid along Krainyaya and Yuzhnaya streets to a depth of 1.5 meters from the ground level, with a diameter of 110x110. The construction period starts in the autumn from 1 September. The terrain is calm.

The initial data for the design take in accordance with Table 1.

Area of construction - Yar.

The terrain is calm.

Groundwater at a depth of 5 m, not opened.

The normative depth of freezing is 1.8 m.

Ground on assignment - sandy loam

Corrosion aggressiveness of soils is low.

Composition natural gas according to GOST 5542-87

Name Amount in% to volume Methane CH439.5 Ethane C2 H61.14 Propane C3 H80.32 Bute C4 H100.02 Isobutane C4 H100.04 Nitrogen N20.81 Carbon dioxide CO220.01 Gas density at 0 ° C ?=0,684kg / m3 Gas pressure after fracturing P = 0.3 MPa Calorific value of gas 33.687 MJ / m3

Physical and mechanical properties of soils

Sandy loam is a soil containing from 3 to 10% of clay particles. The sand particles in the sandy loam are larger than the silty ones: among them, grains from 0.25 to 2 mm in diameter predominate.

Group of soil, depending on the difficulty of its development: I-VI.

bulldozer: II

shovel excavator: |

manually: I

Density of soil at natural occurrence: 1650? , kg / m3.

Steepness of the time slope: 1: 0.67.

Coefficient of initial loosening: Кпр. (1) -in the Internet

Coefficient of residual loosening: Kor. (1) - from the Internet

2. The technological map

1 Scope of the routing

The technological map is developed on the construction of a polyethylene gas pipeline in the conditions of the settlement of Yar.

In this technological map provides a set of works, including:

preparatory stage for the construction of an underground gas pipeline;

excavation works;

installation work;

final works.

The organization and technology of work is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-04-2002 "Safety in construction".

The construction of the gas pipeline is carried out in the autumn period and is conducted in one shift.

2 Organization and technology of work

For the construction of gas supply facilities, specialized construction and installation organizations or firms having the legal right to manufacture such works (license availability) may be involved; The construction is carried out on the basis of previously developed projects.

Preparatory work.

The list of preparatory works at the facility includes:

Geodetic layout of the route;

Track fencing, mounting platforms;

Arrangement of bridges, transitions;

Import of temporary buildings

Establishment of underground communication routes;

Delivery of materials and equipment;

Breakdown of the pipeline route. The axis of the gas pipeline is fixed in kind at all angles of horizontal turns and in straight sections at a distance of 100 meters by clogging metal pins with a diameter of 12-15 mm and a length of 40-50 cm. During the work, the erection organization ensures the safety of all marking and geodetic signs and, if damaged immediately restores them. The project provides for the installation of 18 pieces of equipment.

Organization of temporary premises and facilities. During the preparatory period, the route is surveyed to identify the possibility of supplying power to the work place, telephone communication, a source of heat, and water supply. Typical mobile household trailers with an area of 16.6 m2 are used. They place the office of the manufacturer of works (size 5 m2) and a cloakroom for workers.

Delivery of pipes, materials and parts

Transportation and storage of pipes and fittings are carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documentation for pipes and fittings, as well as the provisions of this JV.

Pipes lengthy up to 110 mm in diameter are wound up for transport and are wound onto coils.

Pipes are transported by any KAMAZ 45141 with a open body and a base, which excludes the sagging of the pipes.

In order to avoid damage to the pipes during their transportation, metal and other solid objects are placed on the lower row of pipes on wooden pads secured on the platform of the vehicle. Unconnected pipes stacked so that in the bottom row they are located closely next to each other, and in subsequent rows - in the nests formed by the underlying pipes.

Pipes and connecting parts must be protected from impacts and mechanical loads, and their surfaces - from scratching. When transporting, avoid bending the pipes. Particular care should be taken with pipes and parts at low temperatures. Connecting parts with ZN are stored in individual sealed plastic bags until they are used.

Connectors with butt weld fittings can be stored on open air, but subject to protection from damage and exposure to direct sunlight.

Protection of existing communications. For the safety of underground communications, a suspension is performed to eliminate damage from its own weight.

Trench for the determination and opening of underground structures make a width of at least 0.7 m. and up to 2 meters long. Hidden cables, communication from concrete, ceramic pipes are protected in wooden boxes (lining), made of boards 3-5 cm thick. The ends of the beams or tapes on which the communication is suspended are laid from the edge of the trench by at least 50 cm. The trench at the intersections is fixed with standard shields, if necessary.

Excavation

Excavation work is carried out by the excavator EO-4321 (it is possible to replace it with a similar one in terms of characteristics) with a dump of soil in the side or with loading into vehicles. The ground is transported by road to temporary storage sites (to be determined locally) or to the places where the gas pipeline is already filled. In places where the use of the excavator is impossible (crossing of communications, cutting of equipment, difficult terrain, constrained conditions), excavation is performed manually, the site of excavation is chosen locally.

According to SNIP 3.02.01-87, the width of the trench should be DN + 300mm, but not less than 700 mm, except for cases when the pipeline is laid with a narrow-trench method.

In the event that any underground communications or structures not identified in the project documentation are discovered, the work should be suspended. The author of the project and representatives of organizations operating adjacent communications should be called to the work site.

Ground after the mechanized development is finalized manually without using percussion instruments with extreme caution. In this construction project, it is planned to cross roads and underground communications: a water supply pipe at a depth of 2 m PK6 + 70 and an electric cable at a depth of 0.5 m. PK5 + 7.8.

Work on the backfilling of the trench is carried out manually, when filling the pipeline with soil containing frozen lumps, crushed stone, gravel and other inclusions larger than 50 mm in diameter. Upon completion of the backfilling of the trench, the soil is compacted with the RU-16D roller.

Installation work

Therefore, all engineering and technical personnel should be familiarized with the project for the production of work in good time and have a corresponding certificate for the right to work.

Welding works

Welding works are carried out with the help of the device for butt welding of polyethylene pipes THERMOPLAST (it is possible to replace them with similar devices). The assembly of pipe joints is performed on inventory levers using external or internal centralizers. The permissible edging of the edges of the welded pipes should not exceed 0.15S + 0.5 mm, where S is the smallest of the wall thicknesses of the pipes to be welded.

Before assembly and welding of pipes it is necessary:

make a visual inspection of the surface of the pipes (in this case, the pipes must not have unacceptable defects, regulated by the technical conditions for the supply of pipes);

clean the internal cavity of the pipes from the ground, mud, snow;

straighten or cut the deformed ends and damage to the pipe surface;

clean the edges and adjacent internal and external surfaces of pipes for a width of at least 10 mm;

When welding the pipeline into a thread, welded joints should be tied to the pickets of the route and fixed in executive documentation.

In case of a break in work for more than 2 hours, the ends of the pipeline section to be welded should be closed with inventory plugs to prevent water, dirt, etc. from entering.

Welding works are allowed at air temperature up to minus 50 ° С. In winds above 10 m / s, as well as in the event of precipitation, welding operations without inventory shelters are prohibited.

Installation of pipelines should be performed only on inventory pads. The use of ground and snow prisms to install the pipeline is not allowed.

OPERATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD OF WELDING POLYETHYLENE PIPES WITH APPLICATION OF COUPLING WITH PLASTER HEATER

OBJECT: Outer gas pipeline low pressure along Krainyaya Street and South

Welding method - ZN

NTD for welding - SP 42-101-2002; SP 42-103-2003; SNiP 42-01-2002.

Welding equipment - welding machine for welding polyethylene pipes Material grade - polyethylene PE 80 GAZ SDR 11-110x10 GOST R 50838-95

pipe diameter - 110mm

wall thickness - 10mm

Table 1Technological parameters of welding polyethylene pipes using parts with embedded heater Ambient air temperature, Å Outer diameter of pipe, mm Wall thickness, mm Maximum allowance of oblique cut at welding of pipes, mm Electric current voltage applied to the spiral of the part, W0 -15 to +45110105230

Table 2 Design welded jointStructural elements of the seam Pipe + Coupling + Pipe

Additional technological requirements for welding:

when performing welding at lower or higher temperatures, welding operations are performed in the premises (shelters) ensuring compliance with the set temperature interval (see Table 1);

cut pipes designed for welding at right angles to their axes;

mark the welding zone at the ends of the pipes for a length not less than 0.5 times the length of the fitting from the ends;

perform mechanical cleaning of pipe surfaces in the welding zone from the oxide layer to a depth of 0.1-0.2 mm, burrs from the pipe end - remove using a manual scraper (cycle);

remove chamfers on the outer and inner surfaces of the pipe end, the length of the oblique cut of the pipe should not exceed 2 mm;

give the pipe in the welding zone a round shape with the aid of a tool;

degrease the welding zone using colorless disposable absorbent and non-wool napkins with solvents, alcohol or special liquid;

the annular gap between the pipe and the connecting piece must not exceed 0.3 mm;

traces of machining of the surface of the pipe to be removed;

before welding, completely dry the surface to be welded;

apply marking strips on the surface of the pipes at a distance of 0.5 times the length of the fitting from the end of the pipe;

fix the position of the pipes in the positioner or on the leveling supports;

insert the pipe ends into the fitting and connect it to the welding machine;

enter the parameters of welding mode indicated in the bar code on the label of the fitting with the help of a reading pencil in the welding machine;

turn on the welding machine and weld;

apply the stigma of the welder to the hot melt at two diametric points;

after the end of welding and cooling, before the milling of the pipe, perform visual and measuring quality control of the welded joint.

Requirements for quality control

Control methodName (cipher) NDO control (%, number of samples) 1.Visual and measuringPROTECTION 41-103-2003 RD 03-606-03100% 2.Test for peeling 42-103-2003 Appendix V2 of the sample

Compiled by: Shklyaev IA ___ __________ 2014

Identification of ZUR-1ATS-III-05350, valid until 10.08.2010.

Gas Pipeline Testing

The acceptance of gas pipelines is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 42-01 and the provisions of SP 42-101, as well as the following activities:

Pneumatic testing of welded joints. Pneumatic tests of joints are carried out simultaneously with testing of the entire constructed gas pipeline in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 42-01 and the provisions of the section "Testing and acceptance of gas pipelines" SP 42-103 and SP 42-101.

Test for separation. Tests for peeling are subjected to welded joints of pipes and saddle taps with embedded heaters.

Test at constant internal pressure. Tests are conducted in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 50838 and the GOST 24157 method.

Leak tests. The boundaries of the sections and the test procedure are determined by the working documentation. Tests of polyethylene gas lines for leakage are performed after the full (up to project marks) backfilling of the trench or after pulling the polyethylene lash in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 42-01 to this category of the gas pipeline and the provisions of SP 42-101.

The boundaries of the sections and the test design are determined by the working documentation (PIC). Tests of gas pipelines are made at a pipe temperature of at least minus 15 ° C.

Preliminary testing of polyethylene pipelines for tightness is carried out before their laying (broaching) with trenchless methods of construction and reconstruction. It is recommended that the test be carried out within 1 hour.

The final tests of polyethylene gas lines for leakage are made after full filling (up to the design marks) of the trench or after drawing the polyethylene lash in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 42-01 to this category of gas pipeline and the provisions of SP 42-101.

Defects found during the testing of gas lines for leaks can be eliminated only after reducing the pressure to atmospheric pressure.

In the strength test, the air pressure in the GP is raised gradually and brought to a test value of 0.3 MPa. The HP pressure is maintained for 1 hour.

GP considered to have passed the leak test if within 6 hours the pressure drop is not more than 3% of the test pressure equal to 0.1 MPa.

3 Calculation of labor costs

construction of an inland settlement gas pipeline

Calculation is developed on the basis of current standards. The following standards are used:

ЕНиР 1,6,9,2.

GESN 1,22,24,16,19,7,9,13.

Calculation of labor costs is carried out in accordance with the types of work on the project.

Calculation of labor is made to determine the labor intensity and machine-consuming work, to develop a calendar plan for the production of work, to select the strength and qualifications of the brigades. Calculation of the calculation is presented in Table 2.2-calculation of labor costs.

Table 2.3 Need of machines

№Definition in the name of construction machinesMarkApplicable amount of application area1 Backhoe excavator EO-43211Drilling a trench2Buldzer with a capacity of 59 (80) kW (hp) DZ-421 Cutting of the vegetative layer, backfilling of trenches3AvtoKranMKT-161 Loading and unloading of materials3Camper truckKAMAZ 451411Dumping out excess soil 5Processing unit UPG- 25U "Strela" 1Prock under the road6Welding transformerTHERMOPLAST1For welding the gas pipeline with an electrowelded coupling 7Centrator PROLINE1Control pipe8Detectoscope UD-11PU1For testing the insulation quality9

4 Requirements for material and technical resources

Name Unit of Measure Number of Codes or GOSTTruba PE80GAZSDR11 ?16014.6 m110050838-95 Steel case ?2199шт410704-91Technical carpet pcs210704-91Technik ПЭшт150838-95ПЭ coupling with ЗНшт650838-95 Steel gate valve ?1594 шт210704-91Connection PE-steel210704-91Disconnect ПЭшт250838-95

5 Technical and economic indicators for those. map

The main technical and economic indicators for those. The map for the construction of the GP are:

Scope of work for those. map in the main process meter

The complexity is determined by the calculation of labor costs

5.3 The production per shift of a person is determined by the formula

the volume of the main;

T-labor is normative, according to calculation.

average salary

OZP - basic salary

ZPM - wages of machinists

T - labor intensity normative

The duration of work in the main technological process is 16

Table 2.3 technical and economic indicators

№ п.п.НаименоОдинница измеренияКол-во1 Workspace11002Healthy work-day112,743Working hours / day · 9,764 Average wage / h · day 2238,375Duration of work16

2.6 Workplace Safety

When manufacturing construction and installation works, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001 and SNiP 12-04-2002 "Safety in construction".

On the construction site, areas that are dangerous for traffic should be marked with warning signs.

The work in the zone of underground communications is allowed only with the written permission of the organization responsible for the operation of these facilities. Prior to the commencement of work, it is necessary to install signs indicating the location of underground communications.

In places where subterranean communications are not identified in the working drawings, earthworks must be stopped before finding out the nature of the communications and obtaining permission for the work.

Pits and trenches in the places where the movement of people and transport should be protected. On the fences in the dark, signal lighting should be set up, pedestrian bridges 4.5 m wide with 1.5 m railings shall be installed at the crossing points through trenches.

If it is not possible to remove the voltage from the overhead power line, the work of construction machinery in the protected area of the power transmission line may be performed provided that the following requirements are fulfilled:

the distance from the lifting or withdrawable part of the construction machine in any of its positions to the live overhead power transmission line must be at least 2.0 m;

casing of machines, with the exception of machines on caterpillar tracks, when installed directly on the ground, should be grounded using an inventory portable ground.

All work should be carried out under the supervision of the person responsible for safe production works. Workers of all specialties must be provided with protective helmets and overalls.

Workers must have certificates for the right to produce a particular type of work, and must also undergo safety training in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.0.00.4-79, "SSBT. Organization of training of working safety of work ». Temporary domestic premises should be equipped with automatic fire alarm system with a terminal at the security point with round-the-clock duty.

Storage of fuel and lubricants and gas cylinders on the construction site is not provided. To import as required in accordance with the technological need.

Electrical safety at the construction site and work sites should be provided in accordance with GOST 12.1.030-81 *.

A timely briefing, examination and verification of the knowledge of workers and technical personnel in the field of safety.

Once again, construction workers can be admitted to work after undergoing an introductory briefing on safety and instruction at the workplace. In addition, within no more than 3 months from the date of employment, they must be trained in safe working methods under the approved program. Instruction on safety precautions should be carried out when transferring to a new job, as well as changing working conditions. To work in especially dangerous and harmful industries (installation of structures at height, refractory, acid-proof and insulation works, processes involving the use of radioactive substances, etc.), workers are allowed only after appropriate training and passing the exam.

It is necessary to ensure high quality of used materials, products, structures, construction machinery and mechanisms, effective sound or light signaling. The used construction machinery and devices, as well as the mounting hardware, must meet all the safety requirements and be certified by the relevant control bodies.

Illumination of non-working places during off hours, with the exception of standby lighting, must be switched off and the wiring is de-energized.

It is necessary to organize systematic and strict control over compliance with safety regulations.

3. Work schedule

The work schedule is the main document of the PPR, indicating the whole complex of construction and installation works performed in a certain sequence and precisely timed. Special types of work (sanitary, electrical) are clearly indicated with civil works. According to the calendar plan, the total duration of construction is determined, the need for labor, material and technical and energy resources, in construction machines, in vehicles, in temporary buildings and structures is identified. Calendar schedules apply several types: linear, in the form of cyclograms, network. Calendar plans are developed in the following order: analyze the project materials, make a list of works on the construction of the facility, work in the technological order of their implementation, determine the scope of work for the project, select sets of machines, calculate sets of machines, calculate the laboriousness of work and the need for machines, determine the duration performance of each type of work. On the basis of the calendar plan determine the coefficient of uneven movement of workers. This coefficient is calculated by the ratio of the maximum number of workers to the average and should be in the range 1.3-2.1.

1 Definition of scope of work

Table 3.1 Bill of Quantities

№Name of works of Ed. Calculation of the calculation Calculation12345Preparation work1Drawing the route to the terrain 18 Under the project 11 + 3 + 42Drilling the pipes on the track: A. Loading B. Unloading t 3,454 3,454Project, specification3Shooting of pedestrians, passing bridges 20,254.5 * 1.5 * 34Installation of trenche1100Po general plan, s one side of the dump 5Transport of temporary buildings2Land works1Platform layout by mechanized method m 29776,7S = a * b2 Cutting of the vegetative layers 1955,34S = a * b * c3The trench excavator: A. In the dump B. In transport

16,83Table for calculating the volume of earthworks by pickets4Development of soil by hand 6,4V = Pr * l 5Filling the trench 1125,6Table for calculating the volumes of excavation works by picketsMounting work1Welding of PE pipes with a clutch with ZNsoed6Po gas pipeline scheme2Plant pipeline installation1100Project3Installation of gate valves.2Project4Mounting of shaped parts4Project5System for casings2Project (profile) 6Testing of gas pipelines1100Project 7 Dragging into PE box of pipes288Drilling without soil development (puncture) m289 Bitumen and strand fixing ends футляровшт210 Alignment of PE ends of pipes diameter 160 mm end1411 Application of highly reinforced corrosive bitumen-polymer insulations on steel pipelines with a diameter of 114mmkm0.00612 Suspension of underground communications at their intersection with pipelines1,513Cutting pipe1

Table. 3.2 Calculation of the volume of excavation works by pickets

№Pickets of Glubina Area М 2 Work volume М 3 123452ПК0-ПК1 2,805280,53PK1-PC2 2.892894PK2-PC3 2,952955PK3-PC4 2,922,926 PC4 + 88.8-PC5 2,4464244,257PK5 + 2,8-PC6 2,08202,188PK6 + 97.2-PC7 1,52147,269PK7-PK8 1.415141.510PK8-PK9 1,212011PK9-PK10 0.94594.512 Trail 2214.5813 The growth layer 0.29776.71955.34

2 Justification of the number and qualification composition

The numerical and qualification composition of teams or units is determined by the calculation of labor costs, in accordance with the recommended composition of the link according to ENIR. The integrated team by type of works includes:

preparatory

earthy

assembly (calendar plan)

The number of people for welding and installation work is preliminarily determined by the formula:

where - the normative labor for welding and assembly work (6 columns for the calculation of labor costs)

The input productivity of labor (output),%

Т- duration of welding and installation works.

3 Calculation of technical and economic indicators according to the calendar plan

The main technical and economic indicators according to the calendar plan are:

3.1 The normative labor input is determined by the calculation of labor costs 112.74 h / h

3.2 The complexity of the planned 108.3

3.3 Productivity is defined as a percentage by formula

Тн - labor intensity normative

Тп - labor intensity planned

3.4 Specific labor input

LAB =, (3.3)

Тпн - labor intensity planned

3.5 The coefficient of non uniformity is determined by the formula

K = N max, (3.5) where

max - the maximum number of workers according to the traffic schedule - the average number of employees who are determined by the formula and in accordance with the calendar schedule

The average number of workers is determined by the formula: cp =; (3.6), where

The total duration of work on the schedule.

Trn - Labor intensity normative

Coefficient of overlapping

Tshmen-change

T - all the days spent

4. Stroygenplan

Strojgenplan is a plan of a construction site on which the object under construction, roads, warehouses, mechanisms, dangerous zones, household premises, temporary buildings, fences, communications, lighting of the site are indicated. There are two types of construction plan: general site, which is included in the PIC and includes the entire territory of the construction site, and the object, covering the construction site of one facility and included in the PPR. Warehouses are best placed between the installation crane and the road, as well as in the area of the tower crane. Sheds are placed near the roads so that the whole part of the canopy is in the range of the crane. Roads with the required width of the roadway are designed taking into account the ring or through passage and communication with external roads. The radii of the curvature of roads are determined based on the shunting properties of the car, the minimum radius of rounding of the 12m driveways. The demand for water, steam, compressed air, electricity is calculated in PIC and PPR. Water is required for production, household, drinking and fire safety needs. For this expense, the diameter of the water supply pressure network is calculated. The need for electricity is determined based on the required power of power machines, technological processes, lighting devices for indoor and outdoor lighting. The general need for heat is determined by summing up the amount of heat for building heating and heating, for technological needs, for drying the building.

1 Rationale for the rational organization of work

Installation of gas pipelines of this facility is adopted by a flow method. With the parallel operation of individual links and gangs, while the entire route is mounted in 3 stages, i.e. excavator EO-4321, starts digging (trenching) of the 1st stage .. After a while (1 day), individual links come to unload and take away the blanks; the installation of fences and bridges, the welding of rotary joints, etc. That is, they are conducted in parallel with excavations. After the end of the installation work, testing and backfilling are under way.

Work with a flow-through parallel method has the main advantage of shortening the installation time; does not paralyze the movement of transport in the neighborhood, provides daily employment of workers of all links; increases labor productivity and installation quality.

5. Fire-fighting measures at the construction site

Fire safety on the construction site and work sites should be provided in accordance with the requirements of the "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation" PPB 01-03 approved by the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Measures of the Russian Federation and "Fire Safety Rules for the Production of Welding and Other Fire Works at Facilities".

At the construction site, it is necessary: to ensure the proper storage of materials and products in order to prevent the ignition of flammable and combustible materials, to protect welding sites, to remove construction debris in time, to allow smoking only in strictly designated areas, to keep all fire-extinguishing means water pipes with hydrants, fire extinguishers, signaling devices, fire equipment).

Storage of oil paints, resins, oils and lubricants together with other combustible materials is not allowed.

Cylinders with gas stored under a canopy that protects from direct sunlight. Storage of cylinders with oxygen and combustible gases in one room is not allowed.

Breeding fires in the construction site is prohibited. All work related to the use of an open flame is allowed to be carried out with the permission of the person responsible for fire safety. In the production of these works, fire safety measures should be taken: cleaning of combustible materials, setting up fire posts, providing fire extinguishing means, etc.

6. Environmental protection measures

When organizing the construction industry, it is necessary to carry out activities and work on environmental protection.

When performing works on vertical planning, the vegetative soil, suitable for further use, must be cut off, stored in specially designated areas. When operating internal combustion engines, the soil layer can not be irrigated with oils and fuel.

Waste and construction waste must be removed in time for further disposal. Burial of defective products and construction is prohibited. Combustion of combustible wastes and construction debris in the construction site is prohibited. It is forbidden to reduce woody and shrubby vegetation not provided for in the design documentation. To prevent contamination of surface and surface water, it is necessary to catch contaminated water. All industrial and domestic wastewater must be cleaned.

It is not allowed to discharge water from the construction site directly to the slopes without proper protection from erosion.

When preparing an object for delivery, it is necessary to perform a full range of works on vertical planning, landscaping and restoration of off-site roads used during the construction period.

During the manufacture of works, the passage of machinery and mechanisms is not more than 1 m from the crown of trees that do not fall into the clearing strip. If this requirement can not be met, a special protective coating must be laid within the specified area.

With the purpose of protecting the root system of trees, devices for filling the earth's surface are necessary. For filling, coarse-grained sand, gravel or crushed soils are free from harmful impurities. It is not allowed to lay, within the root system, non draining soils or layers of non-draining materials of any thickness. Removal of soil over the roots is not allowed.

Sections of branches produce, if necessary, near the trunk. The surfaces of the cut of the branches, as well as the roots, should be treated with special formulations against infection. In order to save trees in the work area, it is not allowed to: hammer nails, pins, etc. into the tree trunks to fix signs, fences, wires, etc .; tie wire to barrels or branches for various purposes; bury or hammer poles, stakes, piles in the zone of active development of trees; to put under the crown of wood materials, structures, put construction machines and trucks. In a zone with a radius of 10 m from the trunk is not allowed: drain fuel and lubricants; to install working machines; Chemically active substances (salts, fertilizers, pesticides) should be stored on the ground. Trunks of trees should be lined with sawn timber to a height of 2 m.

Places of incineration and burial (burying) of felling residues during clearing the route from the forest, if the remains can not be used, should be determined in place with regard to fire and ecological safety with the full responsibility of the contractor (exclusion of the spread of fire, formation of gullies, subsidence of soil in burial places, etc.).

Occupational Safety and Health

Labor protection is a system of interrelated, legislative, socio-economic, technical and organizational measures aimed at ensuring safe and most favorable working conditions.

It should be borne in mind that the construction industry has its own specific features that distinguish it from other industries. First of all, construction is characterized by a factor of disunity in vast territories, inconstancy technological process and their relative short-term, the use of machines and mechanisms that are a source of increased danger, these features require the anticipated labor protection during work.

Excavation

Prior to the commencement of excavation work, the arrangements for the safety of working conditions should be developed and compiled with the organization operating these communications in the places of underground operational communications.

The bars must be free of static and dynamic loading.

Earthmoving and transport vehicles should not approach the edge more than half a meter.

When working in the dark, workplaces must be illuminated, and earthmoving and transport vehicles must have their own lighting.

Descend into the trench and climb up the ladders.

Pedestrian bridges should be provided for trenching.

When excavating a soil, it is prohibited to be under the bucket and boom.

Unauthorized persons may be located at a distance of at least 5 m from the range of the excavator.

Installation work

The safety of labor during the laying of TP is ensured, first of all, by the correct choice and technologically conditioned sizes of workplaces and their respective organization.

Therefore, all work and engineering should be timely familiarized with the project of work and have a corresponding certificate for the right to work.

In areas of construction machinery should not be outside persons.

Outside the working time, the machines must be in a position that excludes the possibility of admission of unauthorized persons to them and do not leave the raised elements on the weight.

It is necessary to maintain the established distances from machines and mechanisms to the trench.

To protect the welder from injury electric shock systematically check the insulation status of the handle of the electrical holder and all current-carrying parts and wires.

All cars and devices must have passports and individual numbers, according to which they are recorded in a special register of their technical condition.

Weldable pipes, parts and enclosures of electric welding equipment must be reliably grounded and protected from dust.

Gas Pipeline Testing

When blowing the TP must be installed protective fences.

The compressor station must be inspected and tested before commissioning.

The compressor and manometers used during the test should be placed outside the trench zone.

When testing the GP with air, all discharge, safety and locking devices must be checked in the most careful way.

The HP test is carried out using a mobile compressor. Before testing for strength and tightness, the completed external gas pipeline should be purged to purify their internal cavity. Tests on strength and tightness of the GP should be carried out by the SMO in the presence of a representative of the gas sector.

The test results should be recorded in a construction passport. For the strength and tightness test, the HP should be divided into separate sections, limited by a plug. To carry out the leak test and strength, pressure gauges of an accuracy class of at least 1.5 are used. It is recommended to install the measuring equipment on both sides of the test section.

The test of underground HP for strength should be carried out after their installation in a trench and backfill by 20-25 cm.

In the strength test, the air pressure in the GP is raised gradually and brought to a test value of 0.3 MPa. At the same time, the HP pressure is maintained for 1 hour.

In pneumatic testing of HP for strength, the search for defects is allowed only after the pressure is reduced to the norms established in the leak test. During the test, defective spots are detected by hearing, by external examination or by soapy emulsion. After the defects have been repaired, a second test should be carried out.

The GWP test for leaks should be carried out after full backfilling to the design mark.

Prior to the GHG leak test, after filling with air, it must be kept under test pressure for the time required to equalize the air temperature with the ground temperature.

The leakproofness test results should be considered positive if, during the test period, the actual pressure drop in the GP does not exceed the allowable pressure drop and when a valid inspection site is inspected, no leakage is observed.

GP considered to have passed the leak test if within 6 hours the pressure drop is not more than 3% of the test pressure equal to 0.1 MPa.

Conclusion

In developing this course project, I learned how to calculate the cost of labor and computer time for the production schedule. And according to the schedule for the production of work, the schedule of workers' movement, the schedule of movement of machines and mechanisms.

I enlarged my knowledge on the discipline "Technology and organization of the construction of PE gas pipeline", learned new information necessary for professional work.

In the process of work, I studied a large number of reference and educational literature.

Having completed the work, I understood the importance and responsibility of my future profession, realized the need for correct and accurate calculations when designing the pipeline route.

Literature

1.SNiP 12-01-2004. Organization of construction. Moscow: Gosstroy Russia, 2004

.SNiP 42-01-2002. Gas distribution systems. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003. 5 copies., Electr. version, department.

.SP42-101-2003. General provisions for the design and construction of gas distribution systems of metal and polyethylene pipes. Moscow: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.- 5ex., Electr. version, department.

.SP 42-102-2004 Design and construction of gas pipelines from metal pipes. Moscow: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.- 3ex., Electr. version, department.

.SP 42-103-2003 Design and construction of gas pipelines from polyethylene pipes and reconstruction of worn gas pipelines. M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.- 3ex., Electr. version, department.

.A.P. Shalnov. Construction of gas networks and structures. -M .: Stroiizdat, 1980.-8eks,

.A.P. Shalnov. Technology and organization of construction of water and sewage networks and structures "-M .: Stroiizdat, 1981. 1ekz.

.L.I. Abramov, E.I. Manaenkova Organization and planning of construction production. Construction company management. - Stroyizdat, 1990. 10 copies.

.Auxiliary literature.

.Handbook of the builder "Construction of urban gas supply systems". Ed. P.Shalnova. -M.: Stroyizdat, 1976.- 3ex.

.ЕНиР 9-2 «External networks and constructions». -М .: Preiskurantizdat, 1987.-142с. electr. version, department.

.ENIR 2-1 "Earthwork". -М .: Priceland-print, 1987.- Electr. version, department.

.ЕНиР 22-2 "Welding works". -M .: Stroizdat, 1987.- Electr. version, department ..

Work order

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3.1.1. At the construction stage, compliance with the production technology for construction and installation works, the implementation of technical solutions stipulated by the project documentation for the construction of the gas pipeline, as well as the use of appropriate materials and products should be ensured.

3.1.2. If a gas pipeline is found to be inconsistent with the location of engineering communications accepted in the project according to the data of the topographic plans, as well as the discrepancy between the actual geological and hydrological data at the construction site, engineering survey data, the construction of the gas pipeline is coordinated with the design organization.

3.1.3. Changes in the project are coordinated with the design, gas distribution (operational) organizations and the territorial agency of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia, which approved the expert opinion on the project.

3.1.4. Construction of gas distribution and gas consumption systems should be carried out according to approved projects.

For the quality of construction, the customer organizes technical supervision.

3.1.5. The construction of external (including inter-settlement) gas pipelines is authorized by organizations specializing in the field of construction engineering systems (communications) and pipeline transport, having certified assemblers, welders, specialists in welding production, an appropriate production base and a certified quality control laboratory for welding, installation and insulation works in accordance with the procedure established by the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia.

It is possible to involve a quality control laboratory of welding and installation and insulation works, certified and accredited in the manner established by the State Mining and Technical Supervision of Russia.

3.1.6. Approved and agreed project documentation prior to the commencement of construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of gas distribution and gas consumption systems, as well as an expert opinion industrial safety is submitted to the territorial body of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia.

The conclusions of the industrial safety examination are considered and approved by the territorial body of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia in the established order for:

urban outdoor and inter-settlement gas pipelines;

scheme (system) of gas distribution of settlements;

external and internal gas pipelines of industrial, agricultural and other industries, thermal power plants (TPPs), district heating stations (RTS), production, heating and production and heating boilers (gas consumption systems).

3.1.7. The conclusion of the industrial safety expertise is drawn up in accordance with the requirements established by the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia.

3.1.8. On the beginning of construction, the construction and erection organization notifies the territorial body of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia not less than 10 days.

When submitting a plan of construction and installation works for the quarter, the notice period for the beginning of construction can be reduced to 5 days.

3.1.9. The customer must organize the layout of the route in accordance with the project. The results of the layout of the route are documented in accordance with the established procedure, as well as a record in the log of the work.

In the production of excavation work, the depth of the trench established by the project and the preparation of the base for the gas pipeline should be ensured. The performance of these works must be formalized in accordance with the established procedure.

3.1.10. Backfilling of the trench after the laying of the steel gas pipeline should be done on a bed prepared with sand, if necessary with preliminary sanding, followed by sanding and compaction of the soil with the sealing coefficient in accordance with the design of the work.

It is allowed to powder the gas pipeline with a local consistency of fine fractions that are not corrosive to steel and biodegradable with respect to insulation.

3.1.11. Along the route of steel underground gas pipelines, the identification marks required by the Rules for the Protection of Gas Distribution Networks approved by Resolution No. 878 * of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 20, 2000 * (19) shall be provided.

Identification marks should be provided for linking the gas pipeline, the depth of its laying and telephone number of the emergency dispatch service.

3.1.12. Along the route of the gas pipeline from polyethylene pipes, it is necessary to lay down a signal tape of yellow color with a width of at least 0.2 m with an indelible "Flammable gas" warning at a distance of 0.2 m from the upper generatrix of the gas pipeline.

3.1.13. At the intersections of gas pipelines (including inter-settlement) with underground engineering communications The signal tape should be laid along the pipeline twice at a distance of at least 0.2 m between each other and 2 m on either side of the crossing structure.

For the inter-settlement polyethylene gas pipeline, instead of identifying marks, in conjunction with the signal tape lay an insulated aluminum or copper wire, with the output under the carpet for the possibility of connecting the equipment.

On the boundaries of sections of the route with trenchless laying, it is necessary to install identification marks.

3.1.14. Distances from gas pipelines to buildings and structures should be adopted according to the norms and rules approved by the federal executive authority, specially authorized in the field of construction and coordinated with the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia.

3.1.15. Security zones of gas distribution networks and land plots with limited economic activities included in security zones, are established in accordance with the procedure provided for in the Rules for the Protection of Gas Distribution Networks approved by Resolution No. 878 * of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 20, 2000 (19).

3.1.16. Connection of gas pipeline elements should be done by welding. It is allowed to provide flange connections in places where the reinforcement is installed.

Threaded joints may be provided on low and medium pressure steel gas pipelines at reinforcement installation sites.

On polyethylene gas pipelines the application of threaded connections (plug on the saddle) is allowed in cases where the design of the product provides safety at working pressure and has the permission of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia for its industrial application.

Threaded and flanged connections must be located in places open and accessible for installation, visual observation, maintenance and repair. It is not allowed to use flange connections with a smooth sealing surface.

The connection of polyethylene gas pipelines should be made by welding with a heated tool, butt or by means of connecting parts with embedded electric heaters.

The joints of the steel gas pipeline with polyethylene, as well as in cases of connection to the metal fittings, should be provided with an integral "polyethylene-steel". Plug-in connections "polyethylene-steel" are allowed to provide in places of connection of reinforcement, which has flanges or threaded connection.

3.1.17. Connecting parts of gas pipelines can be manufactured by state standards or specifications in the central procurement workshops (CZM), in the workshops of construction and assembly organizations equipped necessary equipment and the availability of a quality assurance system.

3.1.18. When constructing and installing gas pipelines, manufacturing equipment, welding technology and welding equipment should be used to ensure the quality of welding.

3.1.19. Flanges and fasteners used for connecting valves, instruments and equipment to gas pipelines, as well as materials used as sealing and lubricating agents, to ensure the tightness of joints, must comply with state standards or technical specifications.

3.1.20. Electrodes, welding wire, fluxes must be selected in accordance with the weld steel and welding technology, as well as with the outside air temperature at which the gas pipeline is constructed.

3.1.21. Gas welding using acetylene is allowed for gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.3 MPa with a diameter of not more than 150 mm with a wall thickness of up to 5 mm - with beveled edges, with a wall thickness of up to 3 mm - without beveling of edges.

Gas welding using propane-butane is allowed only for gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.005 MPa with a diameter of not more than 50 mm.

3.1.22. Other types of welding (contact fusion welding, induction brazing, etc.) can be used for gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.005 MPa in accordance with technology agreed with Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia.

The quality of the welded joint should ensure its equal strength with the base metal.

3.1.23. At welding joints of underground gas pipelines, marking (the welder's mark) that carried out welding should be marked. The marking method must ensure its safety during the operation of the gas pipeline. When welding joints by several welders, stamps are placed on the boundaries of the welded areas.

At welding joints of polyethylene gas pipelines, logs of the production of work and (or, as a rule, automatically) protocols should be drawn up that allow setting the time and mode of welding, as well as the welder who performed the welding.

3.1.24. Potholders on a steel gas pipeline must be made with materials intended for welding the main joint.

3.1.25. The technology of laying gas pipelines should ensure the preservation of the pipe surface, insulation coatings and joints.

3.1.26. On internal gas pipelines, as well as in fracturing and GRUs, with cutoffs of branches up to 50 mm inclusive (including impulse lines), the distance from the seams of welded nipples to the annular seams of the main gas pipeline should be not less than 50 mm.

3.1.27. The sealing of welded and threaded joints of gas pipelines in the walls is not allowed.

3.1.28. When installing gas equipment In addition to the requirements of the project, the requirements of the factory installation instructions must be met.

Construction of gas distribution systems, organization of construction and installation works

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