Disinfection of water: tablets, silver, ultraviolet radiation, iodine, manganese, sodium hydrochlorite, best methods, installation. Overview of effective means for water treatment.

Pure water   - this is the guarantee of the health of man and the surrounding nature. Unfortunately, our ecology suffers from many factors affecting its pollution. This can be production emissions, exhaust fumes, waste plums and so on. They negatively affect the quality of water.

The deterioration of the environmental situation directly affects the state of drinking water

Factors causing water pollution

   Water has a tendency to become dirty. Various external factors serve as the reasons for this. In the well, animals or birds can accidentally fall, which, due to death, begin to decay. Household garbage is the source of bacteria in the water.

Spring floods can flood a well, flooding mud and waste into it. Household and industrial wastewater, without good cleaning, getting into groundwater, worsen their quality. Also, adverse factors include the use of various fertilizers and chemicals on agricultural land.

Signs of poor quality of well water is a change in its color, the appearance of unpleasant odor and taste. Therefore, in order to maintain its purity and preserve all the useful properties, it is necessary to periodically clean the well

To deteriorate the water can get into it the following:

• Stormwater;
• Industrial wastewater;
• Sewage household household activities;
• Organic and inorganic substances that fall from the soil and are involved in the processing process.

Water should be periodically cleaned, even because of time. The walls of the structures can become silted, and the dust and mud spoil the taste of the liquid. It is also important to carry out a biochemical analysis of water used for drinking and cooking, to meet its required standards.

Methods of water disinfection

Periodic cleaning of the bottom and walls of wells serves to prevent deterioration of drinking water quality. Also, it is necessary to conduct routine inspections of water supply and sewerage systems. The well must be closed with a lid to prevent foreign objects from entering.

Ways of water purification can be carried out with the help of:

• Strong oxidants (ozone, chlorine dioxide, iodine, chlorine, manganese, sodium hypochlorite);
• Bactericidal rays, ultrasound;
• Boiling (thermal method);
• Sorption (use of active coal);
• Oligodynamics (with the help of silver ions);

The most common methods are chlorination and ozonization. The choice of the method of decontamination also depends on the amount of water to be disinfected and the degree of its contamination.

Method of chlorination

This method involves the use of chlorine, bleach and their derivatives. Also, the chlorination method is used in water treatment plants. Under the influence of chlorine, the bacteria in the liquid die. The method of chlorination of the wells is described.

For high-quality cleaning, the water must be well mixed with chlorine and kept in contact with it for half an hour or more. Only then it can be fed to the consumer.

The required flow of chemistry is determined by specialists with the help of technological analysis. The residual chlorine content (reacted) in one liter of water supplied to the consumer should be 0.3-0.5 mg. This indicator is a condition of sanitary reliability. When chlorinating water, the chlorine dose is 1-2 mg per liter of fluid, depending on its chlorine absorption. For groundwater, this figure is 0.7 mg per liter.

Disinfection of wells is performed with the help of chemical solutions and preparations. The safest chlorine compounds proved to be the best. Before the disinfection of water, the walls of the well are first treated. To do this, use a solution prepared in the calculation of 20 g of bleach to 1 liter of water.

Chlorine lime can be replaced by household chemicals, for example, "Belize". Then you need 50 mg of funds per 1 liter of water. This composition is applied to the walls of the well with a sprayer, brush or roller. It is necessary to use a respirator to protect the respiratory tract from the effects of chlorine. Surface coating with disinfectant solution should be uniform.

To prepare a disinfecting solution, chlorine should dissolve only in cold water. Under the influence of temperature, it volatilizes, as a result of which the disinfecting properties of the composition will be lost

Then the chlorine solution is poured directly into the well, thoroughly mixed, covered with a lid and left for a day. Drink processed water in drinking. After 24 hours it is pumped out. The walls of the well are thoroughly washed with fresh water, pouring and pumping it several times. You can use the pump for these purposes.

After about a week, the residual odor of chlorine will evaporate, and the water will please with its safety and purity. In addition, you can read about cleaning the wells on this page /chistka_kolodcev.html.

Observe all the technology of water purification will help specializing visiting brigades. They have everything necessary equipment   and chemical means for fast and high-quality disinfection of water. Also with the help of special reagents it is possible to check the quality of purified water and how much it corresponds to hygienic norms.

Ozonation of water - purification of water with ozone - much more effective than chlorine

Method of ozonation

The technology of purification of drinking water with the help of ozone is called ozonation. She proved herself better than chlorination. This is a very popular method of water disinfection, since harmful bacteria quickly die under the influence of ozone on them. It is a strong disinfectant. The property of gas is not lost even when it is dissolved in water.

Ozone is highly soluble in water and is effective against bacteria and mold. One of the advantages of the ozonization method is the absence of toxic substances in the treated water, in comparison with the chlorination

When scientists conducted experiments, it was found that the polio virus is dying from a two-minute exposure to 0.5 mg of ozone dissolved in 1 liter of water. With an increase in the concentration of the solution, all other types of bacteria are destroyed within one minute.

Ozone has the ability to decolorize water 15-30 times faster than chlorine. Disinfection of the same volume of water will require several times less ozone than chlorine. The gas gives the water a pronounced blue hue, and chlorine stains the water in a yellow-green color. Also, ozone eliminates all foreign smells and tastes of river water. The ozonation method is mainly used to purify large volumes of water.

Method of bactericidal rays

• The coli-index (titre of E. coli) of the initial water is less than 1 thousand units per liter;
• Turbidity less than 2 mg per liter;
• The iron content is less than 0.3 mg / l.

This cleaning method has several advantages over chlorination. Radiation does not change the chemical properties of water and its taste qualities. After treatment, water can be consumed immediately

Disinfection with bactericidal treatment is much faster than other methods. The liquid is immediately ready for delivery to consumers. The exploitation of such treatment plants is easier than systems using chlorine. Radiation destroys most types of harmful microorganisms.

Ultraviolet rays have the greatest bactericidal action. Their wavelength ranges from 200 to 295 microns. This gap is bactericidal. At a wavelength of 260 microns, you can get the maximum effect from disinfection.

Bactericidal purification is effective for groundwater or pre-cleaned. In the case of untreated turbid water or with an elevated iron content, the absorption coefficient will be high, which makes this method of cleaning ineffective, and also economically impractical.

Water in different natural sources has a different light absorption coefficient, which must be determined experimentally. Depending on the indicator, you can choose a rational method of liquid disinfection

To comply with drinking water all sanitary standards, it is necessary to make sure of its quality cleaning by taking appropriate samples. Such biochemical analyzes can be performed by special laboratories. Therefore, it is worthwhile to entrust the problem of water disinfection to specialists who have extensive experience in this field of activity and possess all the necessary reagents.

Drinking water quality standards

Drinking water must meet sanitary quality standards. This will determine the health of the population and the epidemiological situation as a whole. When used bad water   there is a risk of contracting infectious diseases.

Water must meet the following requirements:

• Harmlessness and safety in terms of chemical composition;
• Favorable organoleptic indicators;
• Absence of radionuclides.

Also, GOST standards normalize the residual chlorine or ozone content, depending on the type of cleaning used. The indicators of the mineral composition of water and its radiation safety are taken into account.

To the organoleptic indicators of drinking water are such characteristics of it that a person can feel and appreciate. The evaluation is based on the intensity of these properties and their manifestation "

The main physico-organoleptic indices:

• Smell;
• Turbidity;
• Color;
• Smack and taste.

The smell of water is due to the content of impurities or chemicals in it. By their nature, they can be of natural origin or result of human activity (technogenic). These substances can evaporate and affect the receptors of the sense of smell, which causes certain sensations.

Smells can differ in their intensity and specificity. They can be natural and specific. As the temperature of the liquid increases, the sharpness of odors increases, since the volatility of the substances dissolved in the liquid increases.

The water that does not smell is of high quality. According to the requirements of the standards, the intensity of the smell of water for drinking should be less than 2 points on a 5-point scale of assessments. The test should be conducted at a liquid temperature of plus 20 degrees, as well as its heating to 60 degrees Celsius

Turbidity is a certain concentration of suspended solids in a certain volume of fluid. Natural opacification is caused by the presence of clay, plankton, silt and other inorganic and organic substances. Good water   must be transparent, that is, able to pass the rays of light.

The color of the drinking water should be less than 20 degrees. It depends on the presence of humic organic substances that appeared in the process of decomposition of animals and plant residues.

The taste of water is caused by the fact that the impurities contained in it irritate certain receptors of the tongue and the person feels a taste. The taste can be bitter, salty, sweet or sour. Everything else will be considered a aftertaste. To assess these parameters, a five-point system is also used. Quality drinking water   should not have a taste and taste and is estimated in the figure to 2 points.

Unpleasant tastes and smells restrict the use of liquid and make it unsuitable for use because of its contamination. Qualitative water purification and its decontamination is a pledge of good health and absence of negative influences on a person.

The company "Three wells" offers a wide range of services for the construction, repair and disinfection of wells. Experienced specialists are ready to go to you year-round as a planned inspection of the well, and in the event of an unforeseen accident.

Advantages of our company:

• Many years of experience in this field;
• Brigade's departure to the customer at any time convenient for him;
• Work under the contract;
• Providing a warranty for services for 1 year;
• Performance of all works in strictly stipulated terms;
• Payment for the services provided is carried out at the end of the work and in the case of a successful outcome;
• Availability of necessary professional equipment for the performance of well service.

Contacting Three Wells is a guarantee that your water will meet all hygiene standards and water quality indicators. To receive preliminary consultation and order the service you can by the numbers indicated on the site. We are always happy to help you in the struggle for the use of quality drinking water.

There are several ways to disinfect water. There are three main ones: physical, chemical, natural. Now I will tell you more about these methods.

To the physical method of water disinfection can be classified as filtration and boiling. To achieve in the natural conditions of filtration at the molecular level, in order to be able to detain everything in the filter element, including viruses and microbes, it is practically impossible. But a simple boiling for 10-15 minutes is enough to kill all the harmful microbes. If there is a possibility that the water initially is heavily soiled, then boiling should be increased to half an hour and then let the water settle. Then pour the water, pour out the precipitate.

To achieve a greater effect, when boiling in water, you can add spruce, pine, cedar, juniper, fir, willow, oak, walnut, herbs - yarrow, St. John's Wort, saxaul and camel thorn. A common dose for all plants: 100-200 grams per bucket of water. More water will not spoil, but a bitter taste may appear. Do not forget to let the water stay at least an hour and do not use sediment.

The way when various objects and plants of natural origin are added to the water, but water is not boiled, can be called a natural way of water disinfection. Of plants used are those that are natural antiseptics and recognized as official medicine. These include: chamomile, celandine, raspberry, cowberry, St. John's Wort and others. It is worth paying attention to the celandine, it contains iodine in its caustic juice of yellow-orange color and is capable of killing all known pathogenic microbes.

Some mushrooms, as well as plants, can have antiseptic properties, for example, chaga (mushroom in the form of a build-up of dark brown on the birch), a young raincoat (while his body is dense).

In addition to plants for disinfection of water use other natural substances. The most common activators are silver and silicon. In order for the water to become suitable for drinking, you just need to put silicon or silver (any silver ornaments) in water and stand for at least 24 hours. To maintain the effect, silver and silicon should not be taken out of the water. Silicon is enough 1-3 g per 1 liter of water.

Chemically, water is purified by the chemical reaction of substances added to the water. The most common of this method are special tablets for disinfecting water (aqua -sept, clorcept, aquatables, pantocide). Such a tablet is capable of making usable up to 1 liter of water. After dissolving it, wait 15-20 minutes until the chemical reaction is complete. In case of severe contamination, the dose is doubled. Quality of tablets is determined by the quantitative content of active chlorine, 1 mg - poorly, 3-4 mg - good.

In the absence of tablets, you can apply potassium permanganate (manganese) at a rate of 1-2 grams per bucket of water, the indicator can be the color of water, it should be slightly pink. You can also use iodine. It is enough to add 3-4 drops to 1 liter of water, mix and let stand. It is believed that potassium permanganate and iodine are the most effective means for disinfecting water in small volumes.

my name is Alexei Portnyagin. Even as a child, when going out for mushrooms or fishing, I noticed that some people can easily get lost or remain without a catch, while others without mushrooms or without fish do not return. The first were most often from the city. The second from the village. My hobby turned into a profession. Becoming a biologist-hunter, having received enough knowledge, I managed to test them in practice. For many years, traveling more often alone, I realized that you can not make a mistake, and you need to be prepared for everything. And you need to prepare in advance.

Published onAuthor

The most real way to disinfect water is boiling. The rest just does not roll

I work at the Institute of SB RAS. Employees for 3-5 months a year on business trips and expeditions. He worked in two. His wife almost wrote a dissertation (she has a dozen practices, maybe even more).
In those two expeditions in which I happened to participate, I drank water directly from the Irtysh. We cooked food, brewed tea, washed, etc. We put a bucket of water on a fire, the water boiled and cooled. Chilled boiled water from the Irtysh was opaque. Even if you pour and look through the bottle on the Sun, the latter was not visible. So the water is opaque. Even kokakola is more transparent.
  So, no matter how much it is not disinfected by the means, boiling is easier and more affordable in any conditions.

Yes, I also wanted to add about the attitude to us of water (urban) and rural. I was 14 years old. Once washed in a bucket of water cucumbers and tomatoes. For water to go far, samovar on the coals (this is how the house was built). Just tea to drink that, 15 minutes was required. Uncle said: "Yes, this fill." I said that it washed the vegetables. Uncle said that the water is still drinking, so Lei is not embarrassed. What is needed - boil, that is not necessary, most will come out, dirt - it's minerals, they need the body, etc. My attitude towards hygiene changed after that. I used to wash my hands for 20 times a day. Until now, I use unwashed apples from a tree, my son too, will ask about a t-shirt to wipe, vgryzetsya and go back home

I agree that boiling is easier. Cheaper uniquely. Some time ago, like there were no available drugs and normal filters to carry with them, well, except that in addition to iodine and manganese. Now it's become a bit simpler. Filters are different, and even chemistry is different.

There are places and moments where a bonfire is dissolved either unrealistically or just no time. Then the combination of chemistry and filter is what I see people applying. Chemistry kills almost all of the organic matter while observing the cleaning technology, and the filter is all suspended. I agree, it's expensive.

Ultra-violet disinfectants began to appear. I have not tried it myself, but in my opinion, do not seriously hope for a battery-powered device, and its efficiency drops dramatically if the water is clouded.

By the way, who knows what is called one of the common bacteria that survives when boiled. Her type should be 120 degrees C - so you need something like a pressure cooker.

Oleg:

Chaga birch. How to find, split to use medicinal properties.

Mushroom Chaga - birch mushroom against 100 diseases.
Chaga is an amazing creation of nature. Growing from small spores to huge sizes, the body of the fungus is absorbed by beneficial substances due to birch sap and various components present in the tree on which it develops. Active components and microelements - such as, for example, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese, polysaccharides, etc., it has quite a lot of iron. Such a valuable natural remedy can be treated with diseases of the intestines, duodenum, gastritis, liver, and prevention of cancer. Chaga strengthens our bones, useful for the heart, to strengthen immunity.
  Chaga can remove intoxication, i.e. Departure of the body. The effect of chaga in oncology is related to its ability to excrete toxins that form in the tumor. Moreover, phytotherapeutists say that the use of chaga is effective for any tumors, suppuration and burns.

Water is an integral part of our lives. Every day we drink a certain amount and often do not even think about the fact that disinfection of water and its quality is an important topic. And in vain, heavy metals, chemical compounds and pathogenic bacteria can cause irreversible changes in the human body. To date, the hygiene of water is given serious attention. Modern methods of disinfection of drinking water can clean it from bacteria, fungi, viruses. They will come to the rescue also in the event that the water smells bad, has foreign flavors, color.

Preferred methods for improving the quality are selected depending on the microorganisms contained in the water, the level of contamination, the source of water supply and other factors. Decontamination is aimed at removing pathogens that disruptively affect the human body.

Purified water is transparent, has no off-tastes and odors, and is absolutely safe. In practice, to combat harmful microorganisms, the methods of two groups are used, as well as their combination:

• chemical;
• physical;
• combined.

In order to choose effective methods of disinfection it is necessary to perform a fluid analysis. Among the analyzes carried out are:

• chemical;
• bacteriological;

The use of chemical analysis makes it possible to determine the content in water of various chemical elements: nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, etc. Nevertheless, the indicators analyzed by this method can be divided into 4 groups:

1. Organoleptic indicators. Chemical analysis of water allows you to determine its taste, smell and color.
2. Integral indicators - density, acidity and water hardness.
3. Inorganic - a variety of metals contained in water.
4. Organic indicators - the content of water in substances that can change under the influence of oxidants.

Bacteriological analysis is aimed at identifying various microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, fungi. Such an analysis reveals the source of infection and helps determine the methods of decontamination.

Chemical methods of drinking water disinfection

Chemical methods are based on the addition of various oxidizing reagents to the water, which kill harmful bacteria. The most popular among such substances were chlorine, ozone, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide.

To achieve high quality, it is important to correctly calculate the dose of the reagent. A small amount of a substance can have no effect, and even on the contrary, it can increase the number of bacteria. The reagent must be injected in excess, this will allow the destruction of both existing microorganisms and bacteria that enter the water after disinfection.

The excess must be calculated very carefully so that it can not harm people. The most popular chemical methods are:

• chlorination;
• ozonization;
• oligodynamia;
• polymer reagents;
• iodination;
• bromination.

Chlorination

Purification of water by chlorination is a traditional and one of the most popular ways of purifying water. Chlorine-containing substances are actively used for purification of drinking water, water in swimming pools, disinfection of premises.

Its popularity this method   purchased due to ease of use, low cost, high efficiency. Most pathogenic microorganisms that cause various diseases are not resistant to chlorine, which has a bactericidal effect.

To create adverse conditions that prevent the reproduction and development of microorganisms, it is sufficient to introduce chlorine in a small excess. Excess chlorine contributes to the prolongation of the effect of disinfection.

In the process of water treatment, the following methods of chlorination are possible: preliminary and final. Pre-chlorination is used as close as possible to the site of water intake, at this stage the use of chlorine not only disinfects water, but also contributes to the removal of a number of chemical elements, including iron and manganese. Final chlorination is the last step in the processing, during which the destruction of harmful microorganisms through chlorine occurs.

Also distinguish between normal chlorination and perchlorination. Normal chlorination is used to disinfect liquids from sources with good sanitation. Re-chlorination - in case of severe water contamination, and also if it is infected with phenols, which in case of normal chlorination only aggravate the state of water. The residues of chlorine in this case are removed by dechlorination.

Chlorination, like other methods, along with the merits has its drawbacks. Getting into the human body in excess, chlorine leads to problems with the kidneys, liver, GI tract. High corrosivity of chlorine leads to rapid deterioration of equipment. During the chlorination process, all kinds of by-products are formed. For example, trigalomethanes (chlorine compounds with substances of organic origin), can cause asthma symptoms.

Due to the breadth of chlorination, a number of microorganisms have developed resistance to chlorine, so a certain percentage of water contamination is still possible.

For the disinfection of water, gaseous chlorine, chlorine lime, chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite are most often used.

Chlorine is the most popular reagent. Use it in liquid and gaseous form. Destroying the pathogenic microflora, eliminates the unpleasant taste and smell. Prevents the growth of algae and leads to an improvement in the quality of the liquid.

For chlorine purification chlorators are used in which chlorine gas is absorbed with water, and then the resulting liquid is delivered to the site of application. Despite the popularity of this method, it is quite dangerous. Transportation and storage of highly toxic chlorine obliges to observe safety regulations.

Chlorine lime - a substance obtained under the influence of gaseous chlorine on dry slaked lime. For disinfection of liquid, chlorine lime is used, the percentage of chlorine in which is not less than 32-35%. This reagent is very dangerous for humans, causing difficulties in production. Due to these and other factors, bleach loses its popularity.

Chlorine dioxide has a bactericidal effect, practically does not contaminate water. In contrast, chlorine does not form trihalomethanes. The main reason that slows its use is a high explosiveness, which makes production, transportation and storage difficult. Currently, the technology of production at the site of use is mastered. Destroys all kinds of microorganisms. To disadvantages   it is possible to attribute the ability to form secondary compounds - chlorates and chlorites.

Sodium hypochlorite is used in liquid form. The percentage of active chlorine in it is twice as high as in bleach. In contrast, titanium dioxide has relative safety during storage and use. A number of bacteria are resistant to its effects. In the case of long-term storage loses its properties. The market is present in the form of a liquid solution with a different content of chlorine.

It should be noted that all chlorine-containing reagents have a high corrosivity, and therefore they are not recommended for purification of water entering the water through metal pipelines.

Ozonation

Ozone, as well as chlorine, is a strong oxidizer. Penetrating through the shell of microorganisms, it destroys the walls of the cell and kills it. Both with disinfection of water, and with its discoloration and deodorized. It is able to oxidize iron and manganese.

Having a high antiseptic effect, ozone destroys harmful microorganisms hundreds of times faster than other reagents. In contrast to chlorine, it destroys virtually all known types of microorganisms.

Upon decay, the reagent is converted to oxygen, which saturates the human body at the cellular level. The rapid disintegration of ozone at the same time is also a drawback of this method, since already after 15-20 min. after the procedure, the water can be re-infected. There is a theory according to which when ozone acts on water, decomposition of phenolic groups of humic substances begins. They activate organisms, which were in hibernation until the moment of treatment.

Ozone saturated water becomes corrosive. This leads to damage to pipes of plumbing, sanitary ware, household appliances. In the case of an erroneous amount of ozone, the formation of side elements that have a high toxicity is possible.

Ozonization has other disadvantages, which include the high cost of purchase and installation, large electrical costs, as well as a high class of ozone hazard. Care should be taken when working with the reagent and safety.

Ozonation of water is possible using a system consisting of:

• ozonogeneratora, in which there is a process of ozone from oxygen;
• a system that allows you to introduce ozone into water and mix it with liquid;
• reactor - capacity in which ozone reacts with water;
• destructor - a device that removes residual ozone, as well as devices that control ozone in water and air.

Oligodynamics

Oligodynamics is the disinfection of water through the influence of noble metals on it. The most studied application of gold, silver and copper.

The most popular metal for the purpose of destroying harmful microorganisms is silver. Its properties were discovered in ancient times, a spoon or a silver coin was placed in a container of water and this water was allowed to stand. The statement that such a method is effective is quite controversial.

Theories of the effect of silver on microbes have not received final confirmation. There is a hypothesis that the cell is destroyed by electrostatic forces that arise between silver ions with a positive charge and negatively charged bacterial cells.

Silver is a heavy metal, which in case of accumulation in the body can cause a number of diseases. To achieve antiseptic effect can only be at high concentrations of a given metal, which is harmful to the body. A smaller amount of silver can only stop the growth of bacteria.

In addition, spore-forming bacteria, which are practically insensitive to silver, have not been proven to have an effect on viruses. Therefore, the use of silver is expedient only for the extension of storage periods clean water.

Another heavy metal, capable of having a bactericidal effect, is copper. Even in ancient times, it was noticed that the water that stood in the copper vessels, much longer kept its high-value substances. In practice, this method is used in basic household conditions to purify a small volume of water.

Polymer reagents

The use of polymer reagents is a modern method of water disinfection. He significantly benefits from chlorination and ozonation due to his safety. The liquid purified by polymer antiseptics has no taste and foreign smells, does not cause corrosion of metal, does not affect the human body. This method   has become widespread in the purification of water in swimming pools. Water, purified by polymer reagent, has no color, foreign taste and smell.

Iodination and bromination

Iodization is a disinfection method using iodine-containing compounds. The disinfecting properties of iodine have been known to medicine since ancient times. Despite the fact that this method is widely known and repeatedly attempted to use it, the use of iodine as a water disinfectant has not gained popularity. This method has a significant drawback, dissolving in water, it causes a specific odor.

Bromine is a fairly effective reagent that destroys most of the known bacteria. However, due to its high cost, it does not enjoy popularity.

Physical methods of water disinfection

Physical methods of cleaning and disinfection work water without the use of reagents and interference in the chemical composition. The most popular physical methods are:

• UV irradiation;
• ultrasonic influence;
• heat treatment;
• electropulse method;

UV radiation

Increasingly popular among water disinfection methods is the use of UV radiation. The method is based on the fact that rays whose wavelengths are 200-295 nm can kill pathogenic microorganisms. Penetrating through the cell wall, they affect nucleic acids (RND and DNA), and also cause disturbances in the structure of membranes and cell walls of microorganisms, which leads to the death of bacteria.

To determine the dose of radiation, it is necessary to carry out a bacteriological analysis of water, this will allow us to identify the types of pathogenic microorganisms and their susceptibility to the rays. The efficiency is also affected by the power of the lamp used and the level of water absorption by the radiation.

The dose of UV radiation is equal to the product of the radiation intensity for its duration. The higher the resistance of microorganisms, the longer they must be influenced

UV radiation does not affect the chemical composition of water, does not form side-by-side compounds, thus eliminating the possibility of harm to humans.

When using this method, an overdose is not possible, UV irradiation is characterized by a high reaction rate, it takes several seconds to disinfect the entire volume of the fluid. Without changing the composition of water, radiation can destroy all known microorganisms.

However, this method is not devoid of shortcomings. In contrast to the chlorination, which has a prolonging effect, the effectiveness of irradiation is maintained as long as the rays affect the water.

A good result is achievable only in purified water. The level of absorption of ultraviolet is influenced by the impurities contained in the water. For example, iron can serve as a kind of shield for bacteria and "hide" them from the effects of rays. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out preliminary water purification.

The system for UV radiation consists of several elements: a chamber made of stainless steel, into which a lamp is placed, protected by quartz covers. Passing through the mechanism of such an installation, water is constantly exposed to ultraviolet radiation and complete disinfection.

Ultrasound disinfection

Ultrasonic decontamination is based on the method of cavitation. Due to the fact that under the influence of ultrasound there are sharp pressure drops, microorganisms are destroyed. Effective ultrasound and for controlling algae

This method has a narrow range of uses and is at the stage of development. Advantage is insensitivity to high turbidity and color of water, as well as the ability to affect most forms of microorganisms.

Unfortunately, this method is applicable only for small volumes of water. As well as UV-irradiation has an effect only in the process of interaction with water. There was no ultrasonic disinfection of popularity and because of the need to install complex and expensive equipment.

Heat treatment of water

At home, the thermal method of water treatment - all known boiling. High temperature kills most microorganisms. In industrial conditions, this method is inefficient due to its cumbersomeness, high time and low intensity. In addition, heat treatment is not able to get rid of foreign flavors and disease-causing controversy.

Electropulse method

The electric pulse method is based on the use of electric discharges, which form a shock wave. Under the influence of a hydraulic blow, microorganisms perish. This method is effective for both vegetative and spore-forming bacteria. It is able to achieve results even in troubled waters. In addition, the bactericidal properties of treated water persist for up to four months.

The downside is high energy intensity and high cost.

Combined methods of water disinfection

To achieve the greatest effect, combined methods are used, as a rule, reagent methods are combined with reagent methods.

High popularity was achieved by the combination of UV irradiation with chlorination. So, the UV rays kill the pathogenic microflora, and chlorine prevents re-infection. This method is used for both drinking water purification and water purification in swimming pools.

For disinfection of pools, UV radiation is predominantly used with sodium hypochlorite.

Change the chlorination in the first stage with ozonation

Other methods include oxidation in combination with heavy metals. Oxidizers can act as chlorine-containing elements, as well as ozone. The essence of combining is that oxidants occupy harmful microbes, and heavy metals allow to keep water disinfected. There are other ways of complex disinfection of water.

Purification and disinfection of water in domestic conditions

It is often necessary to purify water in small quantities right here and now. For these purposes use:

• soluble disinfecting tablets;
• potassium permanganate;
• silicon;
• hand-made flowers, herbs.

Disinfecting tablets can help out in marching conditions. As a rule, one tablet is applied per 1 liter. water. This method can be attributed to a chemical group. Most often, these tablets are based on active chlorine. The duration of the tablet is 15-20 minutes. In case of severe contamination, the quantity can be doubled.

If suddenly there were no tablets, it is possible to use ordinary potassium permanganate at the rate of 1-2 grams per bucket of water. After the water has settled, it is ready for use.

Also bactericidal effect is provided by natural plants - chamomile, celandine, St. John's wort, cowberry.

Another reagent is silicon. Put it in water and let it settle for 24 hours.

Sources of water supply for their suitability for disinfection

Sources of water supply can be divided into two types - surface and groundwater. The first group includes water from rivers and lakes, seas and reservoirs.

When analyzing the suitability of drinking water on the surface, bacteriological and chemical analysis is carried out, the bottom condition, temperature, density and salinity are evaluated sea ​​water, radioactivity of water, etc. An important role in choosing the source is played by the proximity of industrial objects. Another step in assessing the source of water abstraction is miscalculation of the possible risks of water contamination.

The composition of water in open reservoirs depends on the season, such water contains various contaminants, among which are pathogenic microorganisms. The highest risk of contamination of water bodies near cities, factories, factories and other industrial facilities.

River water is very turbid, differs in color and hardness, as well as a large number of microorganisms, the infection of which most often occurs from runoff waters. In the water from lakes and reservoirs, flowering often occurs due to the development of algae. Also such waters

The peculiarity of surface sources lies in a large water surface, which is in contact with the sun's rays. On the one hand, it contributes to the self-purification of water, on the other hand it serves the development of flora and fauna.

In spite of the fact that surface waters can be self-cleaned, this does not save them from mechanical impurities, as well as pathogenic microflora, that is why they are thoroughly cleaned with water disinfection with further disinfection.

Another type of water source is groundwater. The content of microorganisms in them is minimal. To provide the population, spring and artesian water is best suited. To determine their quality, experts analyze the hydrology of rock layers. Special attention   pay attention to the sanitary state of the territory in the area of ​​water abstraction, since this depends not only on the quality of water in here and now, but also on the prospect of infection by harmful microorganisms in the future.

Artesian and spring water benefits from water from rivers and lakes, it is protected from bacteria contained in runoff waters, from exposure to sunlight and other factors contributing to the development of unfavorable microflora.

Normative documents of water-sanitary legislation

As water is a source of human life, its quality and sanitary condition is given serious attention, including at the legislative level. The main documents in this area are the Water Code and the Federal Law "On Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population".

The Water Code contains rules for the use and protection of water bodies. Gives classification of underground and surface waters, determines penalties for violation of water legislation, etc.

FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" regulates the requirements for sources, the water of which can be used for drinking and farming.

There are also national quality standards that define fitness indicators and put forward requirements for water analysis methods:

GOSTs of water quality

• Drinking water. General requirements   to the organization and methods of quality control.
• GOST 24902-81 Water for domestic and drinking purposes. General requirements for field analysis methods.
• GOST 27064-86 Water quality. Terms and Definitions.
• GOST 17.1.1.04-80 Classification of groundwater by the purposes of water use.

SNiPs and water requirements

Building norms and rules (SNiP) contain rules for the organization of internal water supply and sewage systems of buildings, regulate the installation of water supply systems, heating, etc.

• SNiP 2.04.01-85 Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings.
• SNiP 3.05.01-85 Internal sanitary and technical systems.
• SNiP 3.05.04-85 External networks and water supply and sewerage facilities.

SanPiNy for water supply

Sanitary and epidemiological rules and norms (SanPiN) can be used to find out what are the requirements for water quality from both the central water supply system and water from wells and wells.

• SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control."
• SanPiN 4630-88 "MPC and ODE of harmful substances in water of water bodies of domestic and drinking and cultural and domestic water use"
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Modern living conditions often force people to look for any possible and impossible means to clean drinking water. Precisely because of precipitation with chemical impurities, various soil infections, the appearance of bacteria and viruses that are periodically activated in drinking water sources and other phenomena, the need for decontamination and water purification is so important today.

What are the methods of combating harmful for the human body impurities in the water? And what means of this struggle are the best? These and many other questions are answered by professionals in their field: cleaning and neutralizing water.

Technologies of the latest generation have made significant progress in this direction, offering consumers high-quality and effective methods of disinfection, as well as equipment that is fully working to improve the quality of drinking water.

So, the following methods of neutralizing, disinfecting and purifying vital vital resources are used:

• when exposed to silver ions on some harmful microorganisms present in the water;
• chemical methods of disinfection - iodine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, manganese, sodium hypochloride;
• technical installations and specialized equipment with filtration and disinfection of water - ultraviolet lamps, bactericidal, electrolysis devices;
• other methods -, carrying out of clearing works in field conditions.

Each purification technique or technology differs in principle and gives different results of the degree of purification and disinfection, and therefore it is necessary to study them more thoroughly in order to understand what method and in what cases it is necessary to use it for water disinfection.

Disinfection by silver

With the introduction of ions of such a heavy metal as silver, the growth and multiplication of various pathogenic bacteria is suppressed.

And if you stop the effect on the water with silver, then the bacteria here begin to multiply and multiply.

In addition, it should be noted that the means for disinfecting water does not kill all bacteria, but only some of their species, such as spore-forming ones, which are very resistant to silver.

Therefore, to neutralize drinking water with silver follows only one about which it is reliably known that it does not contain obvious signs of the presence of dangerous microbiological organisms.

   Photo: disinfection of water by silver

And, nevertheless, silver has long been used in the disinfection of water, only the following conditions must be observed:

• initially, water should be of good quality and not contain a large percentage of bacteria contamination;
• after treatment with silver water should no longer be contaminated with bacteria and should be in a sealed vessel;
• storage of detoxified water should be in a dark place or in a container of dark glass.

The advantage of purifying water with silver objects is that water is released from harmful bacteria, while leaving useful substances and microorganisms.

Such a solution is used in the treatment of: eye in ophthalmology, skin - dermatology, oral cavity - dentistry, surgery, therapy, gynecology and obstetrics and other medical fields.

Chemical methods

The methods that are used to date by the latest technologies are often applied with the involvement of different types   reagents. They destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, whose microorganisms are contained in water.

Such reagents include: iodine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, manganese and a lot of other substances that are actively used today to purify water from viruses and bacteria.

Disinfection with iodine or in the field

Boiling, as already known, is not always a guarantee of clean water, suitable for drinking. After all, it can contain those microorganisms that are able to withstand a high temperature above + 100 ° C.

In one milliliter of a 5% solution of iodine, there is 50 mg of iodine. However, the norm for disinfection of 1 liter of water is a small amount of iodine, only 10-12 mg.

The recipe for neutralizing water with iodine is very simple - 1 ml of a 5% alcohol solution of iodine per 4 liters of cold water. This solution is kept in an open container or any container for about 30 minutes.

After the water is at rest, it still has iodine, which can be easily neutralized with ascorbic acid, adding 200 mg per 1 liter.

If at hand there was no ascorbic acid, then you can apply needles of coniferous trees, where it is sufficient.

Video: in the campaign

Use of chlorine

Such systems of neutralizing water from dangerous microorganisms have been used for a long time and today they are widely used in urban water purification systems, in particular - in the water channel.

By itself, it is just very harmful to health, but after that gas chlorine gas will come out of the water. It becomes suitable for cooking.

If it were not for chlorine, the intestinal sticks would have already attacked most of the world's population for a long time. Therefore, for mass disinfection, such methods are quite effective and practical.

For the normal purification and disinfection of water, the following chlorine reagents are allowed to use: dichloromethane 7.5 mg / l, chloroform 0.2 mg / l, carbon tetrachloride 0.006 mg / l, bromoform 0.1 mg / l, and others connection.

Hydrogen peroxide

The most natural and environmentally friendly water disinfectant can be rightfully considered hydrogen peroxide. By most scientists today, this remedy is also considered to be healthy for human health.

It helps to eliminate atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, skin and other diseases. And in marching conditions such a tool is indispensable and simply necessary.

It is enough to use 10 drops of hydrogen peroxide per 1 liter of water taken in a spring or source, and the water will become usable.

After the peroxide has got into the water, a bottle of water should be shaken well, let stand for 10 minutes, and then only you can drink this water.

  Photo: hydrogen peroxide

During the ozonization of recruited water in the sun, where there is access to direct hits of UV rays, hydrogen peroxide and free oxygen form in water, which leads to neutralization of pathogenic microflora.

Such a method is now presented in the practice of many enterprises and organizations that produce water, some disinfection with such a method is also used in some constructions of municipal water channels, which is much safer than chlorination.

Маргацовка

Resourceful tourists will always find reliable information on how to neutralize water in the field and make it suitable for drinking and cooking.

So, for example, the method of disinfecting water with potassium permanganate confirmed by scientists, physicians, and employees of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Station has today a very wide application and high popularity.

The inconvenience of using spring water is due to the fact that ordinary or longer boiling is already insufficient to ensure that the water is clean from the pathogenic environment.

  Photo: potassium permanganate

It is for this reason that most camping enthusiasts take potassium permanganate with them and add 5-6 microscopic crystals of ordinary manganese medicine powder to 3 liters.

These crystals can be added not only to cold water, but also before its boiling. In case of cold water   it is necessary to wait until it is discolored, it will say that manganese has already made its useful business.

And in the case of boiling, then after the water boils, she is allowed to stand for 3 minutes and only then you can drink.

Sodium hypochlorite

Another effective and less harmful, but more effective way today is sodium hypochlorite, which is much cheaper than chlorine.

This reagent is used by most modern and modern urban water supply systems. Moreover, sodium hypochlorite can be used safely for cleaning swimming pools, water parks, pumping stations   and water towers.

It is often used as a disinfectant in medicine and certain areas of industry.

  Photo: disinfection of water with sodium hypochlorite

The use of sodium hypochlorite for the purification of water from dangerous microorganisms does not create such a danger as the penetration of chlorine into the air, as it happens with the traditional chlorination of water in the old way.

Also, when treating water with this substance in special purification plants, it is easier to track excess accumulation of chlorine, and then remove it.

And if you also take into account that sodium hypochlorite contains alkali, you can draw the following conclusion: the pH level in water during its treatment is substantially increased, which already brings a double benefit from this method.

Video: sodium hypochlorite

Settings

Engineering technologies of the new generation led to the use of the most high-quality and powerful equipment for water disinfection.

And this is evidenced by many enterprises, which are all kinds of installations: ultraviolet lamps, bactericidal and electrolysis devices.

Ultraviolet lamps

The long-recognized hyperactivity of UV rays continues to serve humanity as well in the field of destroying harmful bacteria, viruses or molecules of fungal spores, which are currently contaminated with natural water.

Such settings can be both household and domestic filters various designs, contents and dimensions, and on industrial enterprises, where devices with ultraviolet lamps are installed.

Under the influence of a powerful dose of UV-rays, the length of which is accepted for such lamps for the rate of lot 200 to 400 nm, all microorganisms of a pathogenic nature disappear without a trace.

  Photo: ultraviolet lamps

Video: ultraviolet disinfection

Bactericidal installation

Along with such devices as ultraviolet lamps, there are also whole complex installations based on ultraviolet radiation and thereby neutralizing the water composition.

The equipment is compact enough, easy to operate and equipped not only with a bactericidal lamp, but also with mechanical (coarse) and sorption (fine) filters.

Such installations are capable not only to neutralize from cysts, bacteria and other microorganisms dangerous to health, but also from heavy metals such as iron, salts and excessive alkalis.

  Photo: bactericide plant

Electrolysis plant

Electrolysis plant is, in fact, the same treatment with sodium hypochlorite, only in a more systematic form with special equipment.

The electrolyte of sodium hypochlorite is obtained by special treatment underground water   with a high content of sodium chloride, solution (artificial) common salt or sea water, which also contains a sufficient amount of salt.

Mineral water is supplied to the cell, from which sodium hypochlorite is delivered at the outlet with the required chlorine concentration - up to 8.0 g / l. Such adaptations make the water transparent, devoid of any pathogenic bacteria and suitable for drinking.

  Photo: electrolysis installation

How to clean water with tablets

An excellent solution for today are also very mobile and available to any buyer tablets for water treatment. Their mobility lies in the fact that they can be freely located in the pocket of a hiking backpack or travel bag.

If necessary, they should be removed from the bag, thrown into the water and after 30 minutes your water is ready for use. The most famous such tablets can be considered Pantocide or Aquatabs.

Such tablets include the following disinfectant components: sodium salt, adipic acid, calcium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate.

Such a tool is quite suitable for neutralizing a spring, well or any other more or less pure water from natural sources.

However, there are a number of other manufacturers that produce tableted products for cleaning water and for swimming pools, drinking tanks and other overall water tanks.

Despite the aggressive environment in the composition of natural water, which today has the most part of the globe, yet the use of clean water is possible with the help of its disinfection in various ways.

Improved technologies for today will not allow to penetrate into our organism so pathogenic and pathogenic environment.

Disinfection of water is necessary to ensure its acceptable chemical composition, organoleptic properties and compliance with sanitary and epidemiological standards for the purpose of subsequent use or use for industrial or domestic purposes.

Best practices

To date, science knows many methods and methods of water disinfection, which differ not only in technology, the tools used and their effectiveness, but also the possibility of carrying out such activities both in laboratory and in ordinary field conditions. Modern methods of water disinfection require the use of high-tech plants, various chemicals for the destruction of harmful microorganisms and bacteria.

Among the best and most popular methods of water disinfection it is necessary to distinguish the following:

• Heat treatment of water (boiling). This is the simplest and most accessible method for ensuring the suitability of water for use and its disinfection;
• Water treatment by ultrasound. A fairly obsolete method of liquid disinfection, but quite effective;
• Ultraviolet water disinfection (use of special lamps). In this case, installations and lamps are used that are sources of UV rays. The level of efficiency of this method is quite high, and water purification occurs in a short time due to the harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation on bacteria;
• Water treatment with high-power electric discharges. This method of disinfecting water and destroying microorganisms, as well as bacteria in its composition, carries a high level of risk for humans, and it is virtually impossible to conduct it in the field. Despite this, this method is considered one of the most effective for obtaining drinking water, along with the use of ultraviolet and sodium hypochlorite;
• Treatment of water with ozone, or so-called ozonation. This is one of the most expensive ways of obtaining drinking water, but also one of the most effective. For its conduct, special equipment, facilities and appropriate conditions are necessary;
• Disinfection of water with the help of special chemicals, preparations and additives. This method is used for sewage treatment and involves the use of sodium hypochlorite, iodine, potassium permanganate, silver, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, etc. These substances or compounds can be produced in the form of tablets or briquettes that are prone to rapid dissolution in water.

Modern methods of disinfection of sewage and drinking water have become much more effective, and the procedure for obtaining drinking water has become easier and more affordable for ordinary citizens.

Disinfection by silver

Disinfection of water with silver is considered one of the most ancient methods of purifying water, neutralizing harmful microorganisms and bacteria. Earlier it was believed that silver is the best remedy for many diseases. Purification of water in this way can be carried out in the field, for which it is necessary to have silver in its pure form. It has been scientifically proven that silver effectively fights many pathogens, however, the question of the effect of silver on certain types of protozoan bacteria remains open.

In addition, the accumulation of silver in the human body can cause some damage to it. We are talking about the continued use of silver as a means for water purification.

Permanent receipt of silver in the human body can cause a number of diseases, so before decontaminating water with silver it is necessary to consult a doctor for advice on the possibility of using this method of drinking water purification.

Moreover, in accordance with the approved health standards, silver refers to the second class of danger, and this once again confirms the fact that this means for water disinfection is not the most optimal and safe.

Disinfection with silver gives visible results in the treatment of running water, however, the use of this method for disinfection of wastewater is extremely inefficient.

Chemical methods

Chemical methods of water disinfection presuppose the use of chemicals and substances, as well as special installations for water purification. The purpose of this method is to reduce the risk of infection of the human body with E. coli or other pathogens and bacteria that enter with water. For these purposes, chemicals such as chlorine, silver, iodine, ozone, manganese, hydrogen peroxide, etc., can be used.

One of the most common methods of chemical water purification is the use of chlorine. Almost all inhabitants of cities and other settlements that are connected to a centralized water supply system are familiar with chlorination. Saturation of water with chlorine is due to the operation of special enrichment plants.

Ozone is also successfully used for water purification, however, its use is irrational for household needs because of the high cost of this method.

Due to its high bactericidal properties, Manganese can be used for individual cleaning and disinfection of water, and its effectiveness has long been proven by specialists in this field. Manganese is sold in the form of regular tablets.

Hydrogen peroxide has been used for the disinfection of water for quite a long time, however, at present laboratory studies have not given a definitive answer regarding the level of efficiency of the use of hydrogen peroxide, and there is no reason to say that this remedy is at the moment the best.

Disinfection with sodium hypochlorite

One of the best and most effective ways of disinfecting water at water treatment plants, as well as sewage, is the use of sodium hypochlorite. This substance is of low cost, and the whole method is environmentally friendly and safe for the environment.

The basis for this method of decontaminating sewage and drinking water is electrolysis when dissolving table salt in the flow regime. Industrial emissions with this method of purification by electrolysis are minimal and absolutely safe.

Hypochlorite has a pronounced bactericidal effect, in which harmful bacteria, viruses and microorganisms are destroyed in the course of electrolysis.

Disinfection of water by the described method of electrolysis of sodium hypochlorite is carried out with the help of a special installation. In this case, the dosing and the level of sodium hypochlorite are carried out using multifunctional pumps.

Hypochlorite of sodium, in addition to disinfection of drinking water in central networks water supply, can also be used for water purification in swimming pools, water towers, used for medical purposes, in public catering establishments and in industry.

The water disinfection unit, using the principle of sodium hypochlorite electrolysis, is applicable both for wastewater treatment and for the disinfection of drinking water of various volumes.

Means for disinfection of drinking water

For the disinfection of drinking water, various chemical and organic substances are used, made in the form of loose material or tablets. They can be used in various places of water treatment, they are quite mobile and have a small cost. Tablets for disinfecting water can be used both in local tanks and dynamic sources of drinking water, for example, streams, flow wells, springs, etc.

Often tablets for water disinfection have components such as sodium sulfate, salt, sodium acid, iodine, chlorine and calcium. The use of modern tablets to purify water from bacteria and microorganisms does not require the availability of special equipment or facilities, which is an undeniable advantage of this form of release. The tablet easily fits in your pocket or backpack, it has a light weight and will not cause any inconvenience when traveling or hiking.

On average, the action of the tablet during the disinfection of water has a duration of about 20-30 minutes. At the end of this time, the tablet dissolves completely, and the water becomes usable and is guaranteed to be cleaned of bacteria and microorganisms. Tablets for disinfecting water are popular with pool owners. With their help, water is effectively cleaned in a short period of time, and this method of cleaning is not time-consuming.

The most popular and popular are such pills as pantocide, aquatables, aquabreeze, aqua-chlorine and many others.

Disinfection of water in the field

Disinfection of water in the field is actual during hiking, traveling or unforeseen situations. There are many ways to clean water in critical conditions without the availability of special equipment.

Of course, the simplest and most effective method   is the thermal treatment of water or boiling. This requires the presence of dishes and fire. Carefully boiled water in most cases does not contain bacteria harmful to human health or microorganisms.

However, breeding a fire and boiling water are not always possible in the field due to various factors. In addition, even boiling can not completely guarantee the destruction of all harmful bacteria.

For this, in the absence of tablets, alternative methods of water purification and disinfection are used. The most popular way of giving water drinking qualities   is the use of such a popular means for disinfecting water, like iodine. When preparing the solution and determining the ratio of fractions, it should be remembered that when cleaning 1 liter of water, approximately 10-12 mg of iodine is needed.

It is very important not to exceed its share, since getting more iodine into the human body can lead to deterioration of well-being and other negative phenomena. The solution should be infused for at least 30 minutes. In order to extract the remaining iodine from the solution, you can use conventional pine needles that will successfully absorb it.

How to disinfect water with pills

Disinfection of water using tablets is considered one of the most modern methods   cleaning. Tablets have a number of advantages, in comparison with other ways of disinfection of drinking water, which are expressed in accessibility, efficiency and cheapness. Use of tablets allows to destroy all harmful microorganisms and bacteria in a large enough volume of water.

To disinfect the liquid, it is enough to place one or several tablets into it for a certain time, which is indicated on the package. Usually it is from 30 minutes to 1 hour. In many ways, these figures vary depending on the producers and the composition. The average time interval between placing the tablet in water and its fitness for use is 30 minutes. During this time, most of the known bacteria die, and the cleaning process is considered complete.

For the purification of drinking water, small tablets are used, and large diameter pills are used to serve pools, wells and large tanks. Often they are placed in special containers. Tablets have a faint smell of chlorine.

It should be emphasized that tablets can be used only for the disinfection of clear water, for sewage treatment such a method is unacceptable. The average shelf life of most tablets is from 3 to 5 years, so it is not recommended to store them for future use.

Many manufacturers of modern tablets for water disinfection recommend using, if possible, warm water. This will ensure rapid dissolution of the tablet and the possibility of drinking water. Disinfecting water tablets are sold in specialized stores.

Water disinfection plant

Modern installations for water disinfection require the use of ultraviolet radiation. This method is considered one of the simplest, affordable and effective cleaning of both drinking water and wastewater. Disinfection with ultraviolet radiation does not require additional heating or the presence of reagents.

UV rays have the greatest bactericidal properties at a wavelength of 240 - 280 nm. Ultraviolet can destroy harmful bacteria in a short time, while water without additional processing can be fed to direct sources of consumption.

For a particular application, special settings   generation of UV rays with individual technical characteristics   depending on the volume of water being treated. Disinfection of sewage and drinking water with ultraviolet was recognized in many countries as one of the most effective and rational methods of purification.

Many installations of ultraviolet water disinfection are equipped with modern means of control and management. This allows to work qualitatively without constant monitoring by the operator, to carry out remote control   device.

By its productivity, the disinfection of waste water depends on the capacity of the installation and the scope of its application. So, the most popular in everyday life are installations with a capacity of 0.25 cu. m. per hour of operation up to 10 cu. m. Models of this equipment for industrial purposes can have a capacity of up to 400 cubic meters. drinking water and 200 cubic meters. m of sewage.

1. Disinfection of water in a particular situation requires a careful study of the conditions of such an event, the presence or absence of external factors that may affect the process of water purification from bacteria or harmful microorganisms.
2. The best specialists in this field will not be able to give concrete advice or advice without first studying all the circumstances, the location of the water intake, the location of the source, etc. Disinfection is complex and requires the participation of a specialized specialist. An exception in this case can only be the use of universal tablets for water disinfection.
3. In order to find out how it is possible to disinfect water intended for drinking, and also to get acquainted with the most effective means, it is enough to turn to the materials on this issue on the pages of thematic sites. Many sources provide a detailed description of the means and methods of decontamination, photo and video manuals, consultations of experts and researchers.
4. For example, when using chemicals   for water purification, it is important to pay attention to the strict observance of proportions and to avoid overdose. Means such as iodine, manganese, silver and especially chlorine, can adversely affect human health. Hydrogen peroxide is harmless, however, in order to obtain a qualitative result, it is necessary to avoid the deficiency of this substance in the treated water.
5. The use of sodium hypochlorite in electrolysis is more suitable for industrial purposes, so this method of water disinfection requires participation and supervision by qualified specialists.
6. For the disinfection of water in small quantities for the consumption or cooking in the home or field conditions, it is rational to use simple improvised means and methods. They include hydrogen peroxide, silver, manganese, iodine. Maintenance of home pools can be provided with the help of special tablets. It is convenient to use lamps with ultraviolet radiation at home, with which ultraviolet water disinfection is not inferior in quality to other methods.
7. Of course, when it comes to cleaning water at home, it is primarily drinking water. Disinfection of sewage in everyday life is meaningless and is practiced only on an industrial scale. It should be remembered that exposure to UV rays is undesirable for a person, so it is advisable to leave the premises for the duration of the procedure.