Categories of groundwater resources B and C1 - Hydrogeology. The groundwater. Reserves of groundwater

According to various signs, several groups of groundwater resources are also allocated now.

Natural reserves - the mass of gravitational water in the reservoir in natural conditions. That part of this mass that can be extracted from the pressure aquifer due to the elastic properties of water and rocks without draining the formation is called elastic reserves. When estimating the reserves of groundwater for water supply (fresh water), it is more convenient to express the reserves not by mass but by the volume of water, since numerically the values ​​of the unit of mass and the volume of water are quite close in this case. In this approximate interpretation, natural reserves are equal to the sum of the volume of water enclosed in the reservoir (these reserves are sometimes called "capacitive"), and the volume of water extracted under pressure conditions without draining the reservoir ("elastic reserves"). The value of the latter in comparison with the capacitive reserves is usually the proportion of propet.

Artificial reserves of groundwater - this is their volume in the formation, formed as a result of irrigation, backwater reservoirs, artificial flooding of the reservoir.

Exploitation reserves of groundwater - the amount of groundwater that can be obtained by rational in technical and economic respect water intake facilities for a given operating regime and with water quality that meets the requirements during the entire estimated water consumption period. The amount of water referred to in the above definition is recommended to be expressed by the flow of water. Therefore, strictly speaking, we are talking not about the operational reserves, but about the operational resources of the aquifer. With the term operational reserves, you can agree to pour from a practical point of view - the GKZ approves mineral reserves (the vast majority is hard minerals, where the term "reserves" is accurate), rather than resources.

The term "operational resources" is used in forecasting assessments at the regional level, as a characteristic of the potential opportunities for the operation of groundwater in a particular large region.

Taking into account their replenishment, they allocate replenishable reserves (provided that resources are received) and non-renewable (in the absence of sources of their formation). The latter include, so-called, geological reserves of groundwater, equal to the volume of water in the horizon.

Like resources, reserves, taking into account the area of ​​their distribution, are subdivided into regional and local, and on the basis of genetic attributes - to natural and artificial ones (accumulate with the participation of anthropogenic impact). If the reserves of a certain horizon are replenished in part by the inflow of water from other aquifers, then the amount of water coming from them is attributed to the attracted reserves.

A special group consists of operational reserves that can be extracted or extracted from exploited aquifers, primarily from groundwater deposits in compliance with environmental measures (7). As a rule, operational reserves are confined to groundwater deposits, which ensure economically justifiable production. The degree of complexity of these deposits (or their sections) is different. In this regard, they are divided into three groups.

The first of these is associated with operational reserves of groundwater deposits with simple conditions. On the area of ​​their distribution, the aquifers (subunits) are sized and structured, homogeneous in filtration properties, provided with food (resources), and are characterized by stable conditioning chemistry.

The second group of groundwater deposits is characterized by a complex structure, as well as complex hydrogeochemical and geothermal conditions. However, it is possible to assess the changes in various components of the natural environment, using special technologies in limited quantities in the exploration and development of reserves.

The third group includes the operational reserves of deposits with very complex conditions, characterized by an unrestrained geological structure, extreme variability in capacity and filtration properties of water-bearing rocks, as well as complex hydrogeochemical and geothermal conditions. Exploration works at such fields require the use of special expensive technologies, the implementation of which at the exploration stage may be technically unworkable or economically impractical.

The operational reserves are divided into categories (A, B, C1, C2) according to the degree of study of the conditions of formation, quantity and quality of groundwater, as well as the conditions of operation and preparedness of groundwater deposits for further study or development.

Under the terms of development, economic and economic significance, operational reserves are divided into balance and off-balance reserves. The first of these groups includes reserves, the expediency of using them is established on the basis of all geological, economic and sanitary and hygienic factors taken into account by the current instructive documents. The possibility of their use must be confirmed by the appropriate federal or territorial authorities. Off-balance reserves include the use of which for the evaluation period can not be considered appropriate for a number of reasons (technical, economic, technological, environmental).

One of the defining moments in the procedure for assessing groundwater resources is the assignment of the category of study. The category of the study of groundwater resources allocated in the license area is indicated in the protocol of the Territorial Commission on Reserves, a key document for the sake of obtaining which, in fact, the whole process of calculating reserves is started. Without a TKZ protocol, a license for the right to extract groundwater will not be available today.

Let's see what are the categories of stocks B and C1? What is the difference? And why, when assigning a category of C1 stocks, the employees of the Department for Subsoil Use put forward demands for re-evaluation of reserves after 3-5 years of operation of the water intake. And also try to understand how legitimate is the requirement to revaluate C1 reserves in 3-5 years.

The "Tectonika" production and production group. .

  "Classification of reserves ..." is the main document regulating work on the assessment of groundwater resources. Like many others regulations  in our country, "Classification of stocks ..." suffers from characteristic ailments: the lack of unambiguity and strict certainty.

The conditions for assigning groundwater reserves to category A, reflecting the highest degree of study of the geological-hydrogeological conditions of the subsoil block, are most clearly defined. In order to assign this category of reserves, data on three-year observable observations, including measurements of the production rate and operating well life (AMP-11 log), monthly measurements of the static and dynamic groundwater level for all available wells, the results of chemical and bacteriological analyzes with sampling once a quarter (from each well) and the results of annual radiological studies. In addition, experimental work should be carried out at the water intake: single and cluster pumping, as well as necessary hydrodynamic calculations that confirm the possibility of operating the structure for the next 25 years.

Pumping and hydrodynamic calculations are the work of hydrogeologists. From the most subsoil user here is required the presence of a three-year cycle of regime observations.

However, in practice, most subsoil users begin to perform these observations only in the course of work on stock assessment, which makes the appropriation of the desired category A - impossible.

The requirements for a three-year cycle of observations of the rates, levels and chemical composition of groundwater are very often proposed by the Department of Subsoil Use when authorizing a license for the extraction of groundwater. I draw the attention of dear owners water wells, that a three-year observation cycle is needed just to estimate the groundwater resources in category A. At the same time, nowhere in the normative documents does it specify that the reserves should be estimated precisely according to the highest category.
  Next, we move on to the most interesting categories B and C1.

The whole charm of the last edition of the "Stock classification ..." from 2007 is that the difference between these categories is almost not perceptible.

Here are some excerpts from the document:

  "... reliable estimation of sources of formation of operational reserves" is possible - this is in category B;

  "... an indicative estimate of the sources of stock formation is possible" - and this is based on C1;

  "... the quality of groundwater is studied in the required volumes with the detail, allowing to establish compliance with the established requirements" - this again category B;

  "... the quality of groundwater is studied in volumes and detail, allowing to establish with satisfactory reliability the compliance with the established requirements" - and this again C1;

"... the possible impact is assessed water intake facilities  on the environment "- category B;

  "... the possible impact of groundwater abstraction on the environment was preliminarily assessed" - category C1.

As we see, the whole difference lies in the fact that for the C1 category there appear the words "tentative", "satisfactory" and "preliminary". What they can mean in relation to specific works on the license area, the authors of the document do not explain. How many wells need to be tested in order to evaluate "reliably", but how much, only to be "preliminary". It is understandable, when the quality of groundwater is studied with detail, allowing to establish compliance with the established requirements. But what is "satisfactory reliability" when assessing the same quality is difficult to understand.

The shortcomings of the new "Classification of reserves ..." were repeatedly pointed out by hydrogeologists before the approval of this document by the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources in 2007. Criticism continues to sound almost at every scientific conference and meetings on groundwater. Unfortunately, today officials rarely listen to the opinion of scientists.
  To bring some clarity to the question of dividing the categories of stocks B and C1, we should turn to the old version of the "Classification of reserves ...", which operated from 1997 to 2007, and also to the practice of hydrogeological research and common sense.

Each category of reserves in the previous version of the "Classification ..." had its strict definition: category A - mastered, category B - explored, category C1 - assessed, category C2 - identified. The category names reflected the generally accepted and understandable geological exploration stage for all geologists: first search (C2), then evaluation (C1), then exploration (B) and then pilot-industrial operation (A).

In the new classification, the concepts of "explored" and "estimated" reserves are allocated to a separate group. And it is completely unclear how to relate them to the categories of study. It turns out that simultaneously explored reserves of C1 category and estimated reserves of C1 category can be allocated within the field. And this too became one of the bargaining chips. Carefully watch that the protocol TKZ on your water intake does not skewed the word "estimated".

To put it more simply, previously, to high categories A and B, it was possible to classify reserves of groundwater prepared for industrial operation. What does this mean?

This means that reserves of categories A and B could be assigned only to existing wells or projected water wells, the location and design of which are specified in the approved design of the water intake facility.

Reserves in category C1 can also be set for non-existent wells, for example, taking their construction in analogy with those already in operation. The principal difference was that these wells still do not have an approved project of underground water intake.

Proceeding from this simple and completely understandable principle, the reserves of groundwater over all existing single water intakes operated for tens of years should be assigned exclusively to category B. Naturally, provided that they are followed by regime observations and a set of experimental works with the subsequent calculation of operation in for 25 years. Reserves in category C1 should be allocated only if the subsoil user has planned drilling another well not envisaged by the project (or, as it often happens, if there is no project at all). In this case, according to the projected well, the reserves pass through category C1, and according to all existing ones - in category B. And nothing prevents to establish the life of all wells in 25 years.

However, in reality this solution does not always work.

Because the experts of the Territorial Commissions on Reserves are extremely interested in the subsoil user conducting repeated works again and again. The bigger, the better. Because the experts of TKZ themselves are employees of organizations that perform work on the assessment of groundwater resources. These organizations are located in the same building as the Subsoil Use Department. Previously, they were state-owned FGU, and now massively pass into private hands and become JSC and LLC. But this does not diminish their strong friendship and affection for the Department of Subsoil Use.

But, let's understand, where did this wonderful tradition come from - to classify reserves on water intake to C1 category and then to demand their revaluation after 3-5 years of water withdrawal operation?

Let's return to the previous version of the "Classification of reserves ..." from 1997 and carefully read the last paragraph of paragraph 3.4:
"In cases where the achievement of the details of the study of reserves for the allocation of category B is associated with large and unjustified costs, reserves of category C1 can serve as a basis for involving the field (site) in pilot production without conducting exploration work. Based on the results of pilot operation, an assessment of the operational reserves of categories A or B is carried out and, if necessary, a project for the reconstruction (expansion) of the water intake is prepared. "
  Based on this paragraph experts TKZ for 10 years forced subsoil users to increase the category of the study of reserves on the basis of pilot operation of water withdrawal. Note that in the current "Classification of reserves ..." in 2007, there is no such paragraph! And experts continue to force ...

Let's pay attention that in accordance with the requirements of the old version of the document, category C1 was assigned "... without geological exploration". Those. the subsoil user did not evaluate the reserves, the C1 category was given to him "for that". Three years later, he provided data on routine observations of the flow rate, levels and chemical composition of groundwater, carried out the necessary experimental work and received category B for a period of 25 years.

Hence the logical conclusion is that if the C1 category could have been obtained for existing wells in the past (and this category is sometimes indicated in the old groundwater production licenses obtained 10-15 years ago), today, when we initially carry out work on geological study of mineral resources, as required by modern legislation, it would be quite correct to expect the appropriation of category B. Why do not we assign it?

I'm afraid this question is rhetorical. Let's leave it on the conscience of Rosnedra's staff and try to summarize all of the above in the form of several basic conclusions:

1. If we rely on reasonable grounds, then practically in all cases after an annual cycle of geological exploration work on a single water intake, we should receive a category of study not lower than B. If the experts of the TKZ are trying to solder to us C1 is from the evil one.

2. The current documents do not say anywhere that the explored reserves of category C1 should be revalued in 3-5 years based on the results of pilot operation of the water intake, and the category of study should be increased to B or A. There is no such point! Therefore, reserves of category C1 can be assigned, but the life of the water intake does not change from this - 25 years and the point!

3. The current regulatory documents do not give unambiguous wording regarding reserves in categories B and C1. There are no clear criteria that distinguish between these two categories. As a consequence, any ambiguity in the regulatory framework leads to arbitrariness on the part of employees of the supervisory bodies. You have to be ready for this!

What is the way out of this situation?

Alternatively, you can seek clarification from the State Commission on Reserves. Write a letter to the Director General of the State Reserves Committee, Yuri Podurtkin, with the following content:

Dear Yuri Alexandrovich!

We ask you to give an explanation on the evaluation of groundwater reserves of a single water intake.
  It is planned to carry out geological exploration of the subsoil area of ​​a single water intake LLC (your name) on the basis of a license (license number). Employees of the Subsoil Use Department for (indicate your county) to the federal district that issued the license, indicate that groundwater reserves can only be explored in C1 category, which will require re-evaluation of reserves after 3-5 years of pilot operation of the water intake.
  However, in the current "Classification of reserves ..." (2007), there is no such requirement. In accordance with the "Methodological recommendations on the application of the Classification of reserves and predicted resources of drinking, technical and mineral groundwater" (Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 69-r of 27.12.07), groundwater reserves are estimated for a period of 25 years.
  It is known that the requirement to reassess underground groundwater resources explored in C1 category was proposed in clause 3.4 of the previous version of the "Classification of Reserves ..." (Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation of 07.03.97), which states that "... C1 reserves may serve as grounds for involvement deposit (field) into pilot-industrial operation without carrying out exploration work in those cases when the achievement of the detail of the study of reserves for the allocation of category B is associated with large and unjustified costs. "
  Thus, category C1 could previously be assigned without performing geological exploration, which required a reassessment of reserves based on operating experience in 3-5 years.
In our case, geological exploration is conducted. Volumes of work provide a degree of study, corresponding to category B. However, experts of TKZ are trying to illegally assign category C1 to our license area. Thus, the assignment of this category does not allow the well to be involved in commercial operation.
  We believe that the re-evaluation of reserves and the increase in the category of study C1 to category B is associated with large and unjustified costs.
  We ask you to permit the operation of the well in category C1 without revaluation work, or to assign category B of groundwater reserves in accordance with the submitted materials on geological study. Because earlier the C1 category was assigned to wells in general without carrying out any work.

The above example may vary somewhat in form, but the meaning of the letter should remain the same. GKZ administration is obliged to respond to your letter.
  I can inform you that this letter was sent from my side and received an official response.

Here is the text of the letter:

On your request we inform the following. In accordance with the previous "Classification of Exploitation Reserves and Forecast Groundwater Resources" in C1 category reserves for deposits of the 1 st and 2 nd complexity groups, in individual cases, under the decision of the state expertise, the pilot industrial exploitation of the groundwater deposit up to 5 years. Therefore, the groundwater resources in these cases were approved for the specified period. In the current "Classification of reserves and prognostic resources of drinking, technical and mineral waters"The possibility of pilot operation is envisaged only for C2 category reserves for deposits of the 4th complexity group, and for C1 category reserves, their commercial development is allowed, since it is considered inappropriate to allocate higher categories for them. For other groups of deposits in terms of complexity, reserves of category C1 imply their classification according to their degree of study to the evaluated ones, which in turn determines the need for setting up exploration work and the possibility of issuing licenses for the right to use subsoil for exploration and production of groundwater. Thus, the current regulatory documents do not allow the exploitation of deposits of 1-3 groups of complexity on C1 category reserves, without prospecting and transfer of reserves to category B, and the assessed fields by the degree of exploration into the group of explored ones. At the same time, the estimated service life for which reserves are approved, as you indicated, can not exceed 25 years, and its specific duration can be determined both by the geological and technical assignment of the subsoil user, and by specific hydrodynamic and migration calculations. The restriction of the estimated service life by strong-willed way is considered unacceptable.

Deputy. General Director of FBU GKZ, Esipov A.V.

Thus, this letter reflects the following view of the leadership of the State Commission on Reserves on the problem of assessing groundwater resources:

1. All C1 category groundwater reserves should be revalued to category B. Category C1 reserves are valued and can not be involved in commercial operation. The license for the right to extract groundwater, by definition, can only be issued for explored reserves of category B.

Accordingly, those subsoil users who have been previously "soldered" by the TKZ expertise are unlikely to avoid a revaluation.

2. The assessment period for groundwater reserves can not exceed 25 years, but may be less.
  I should note that the phrase "the specific duration (operation of water intake) can be determined both by the geological and technical assignment of the subsoil user, and by specific hydrodynamic and migration calculations" indicates that the period for which reserves are calculated is determined exclusively by the experts of the State Reserves Committee and the TKZ.

In some cases, it is really reasonable to estimate groundwater reserves for a period of less than 25 years, if a significant change in the quality of groundwater is projected in the course of operation. However, this problem in itself arises not often and, as a rule, is most actual for large water intakes with a volume of water withdrawal of several tens of thousands of cubic meters per day.
  Well, in the case of single water intakes this phrase creates a vast field of activity for the enterprising specialists of Rosnedra, who, service time moonlighting in geological exploration organizations.

It is necessary to pay attention to the paradoxicality of the situation. In itself, this letter does not bear a negative for the owners of water wells. What is it that you can only exploit wells with estimated reserves in category B? Actually, geological exploration work is carried out in order to ensure the necessary study of the site.

However, sharply negative moments appear when the proposed explanations are applied to the existing reality. In the absence of independent geological expertise and very limited opportunities to appeal its results, the directors of the State Reserves Commission actually put subsoil users in a desperate situation, when the work on the assessment and reassessment of groundwater reserves can be imposed again and again, referring to certain "objective" reasons.

It remains to ascertain the fact that the situation in the sphere of regulation of subsoil use issues in our country differs little from the situation in all other spheres. And the slogan of the fight against corruption is still nothing more than a slogan.

Nevertheless, I call law-abiding owners of water wells to assert their rights. Do not be shy about each individual issue and the controversial situation, ask for clarification directly in the FBU GKZ. And in especially severe cases, apply to the prosecutor's office and the courts.

Do not forget that the need to assess the reserves of groundwater, as well as any other types of minerals, follows from Section III of the Law "On Subsoil", which is called "Rational use and protection of mineral resources".

In general, the requirement of rationality is one of the basic requirements of the legislation on subsoil use.

Estimation of mineral reserves is a purely economic procedure, which, as a rule (in the case of any other kinds of minerals), is performed as part of a report with a feasibility study of temporary or permanent conditions.

I can explain.

The issue of the volume of mineral resources in the subsoil (ie reserves), methods and rates of their mining is considered simultaneously with the issue of economic benefits and the expediency of extracting it. Ie, if you, say, assess the gold reserves, then first of all you are guided by the modern cost of gold in the world market, after which you determine how profitable it is for you to extract, enrich and transport gold ore from this particular site.

The whole procedure for estimating reserves is, in fact, aimed at solving one simple question: how much mineral is contained in the bowels and is it profitable to mine it today?

Now, let's look at the current "Classification of groundwater resources ..." and in particular the point referred to in his letter by Deputy. gene. Director of FBU GKZ:

  "... for deposits of the 4th group of complexity C1 category reserves are allowed their industrial development, since it is considered inadvisable to allocate higher categories for them".

Now you will understand where I'm going.

Drawing on normative documents, we see that in some cases, it is "impractical" to carry out geological studies of subsurface resources upon reaching a certain limit. Ie, it is possible to study any vegetable garden indefinitely. But when the costs of geological study significantly exceed the cost of the most useful mineral, then why study it? This is irrational!

And this situation applies entirely to single water intakes.

The payment for the extraction of groundwater - a penny! Gos. duty for registration of licenses is also an amount not essential. Moreover, the drilling of the water intake well, as the main facility that provides the extraction of mineral resources, will cost 100-200 thousand rubles. But the work on geological study is worth a million! And sometimes more!

Tell any investor that he should spend 5 times more on the geological report on the gold deposit than on exploratory drilling. Considering that tens and hundreds of millions of rubles are spent on drilling in such cases, the investor will very quickly tell you where you need to go.

However, with the groundwater this situation is fully realized. And it does not surprise any of the employees of the Department for Subsoil Use.

I can say that some specialists, hydrogeologists, have already raised the issue of single water intakes. Proposals were made that on single wells only the monitoring of the object level should be performed, i.e. Measurements of the level, flow rate and investigation of the chemical composition of groundwater. A statement of inventory is made on the basis of a small written conclusion for 10 sheets without special works at the water intake. However, none of the officials of the Department for Subsoil Use has listened to this opinion.

Finally, if Rosnedra ordered the owners of water wells to carry out full-fledged work on the assessment of groundwater reserves, then more than enough to conduct these works once. Setting reserves for single wells first in category C1, and then requiring re-evaluation of reserves with an increase in knowledge to category B is a blatant violation of the principle of rationality.

If the geological study is several times higher than the cost of an underground water intake, is this rational?
  Alas, this is another question that will remain unanswered.

In this situation, it remains to once again recommend that all law-abiding subsoil users send official letters and requests to the GKZ FBU. Perhaps this will not lead directly to a positive resolution of your question, however, at least it will show to officials that "the situation has matured."

It happens that one or two phrases can be snatched from a response letter, so that, waving a letter as a flag, show local officials of the TKZ or the Department for Subsoil Use their determination, sabotage and awareness.

In some cases it works!

The concept of resources and reserves of groundwater

The feasibility of using groundwater, as well as other minerals, can be determined only on the basis of data on the value of their reserves.

An important feature of groundwater as a mineral is the continuous nature of water consumption, which necessitates the constant withdrawal of water from the bowels in a given amount. In turn, the withdrawal of water from the bowels, can be carried out by water intake facilities (most often wells), whose productivity is determined by the filtration properties of water-bearing rocks, the depth of occurrence of the level, as well as technical operating conditions. In this regard, even in the presence of large amounts of water in the subsoil and a significant annual supply to aquifers, in some cases, the exploitation of groundwater may be irrational due to very small flow rates of wells, the complexity of exploitation in technical terms (sanding, scaling in wells), lack of the necessary pumping equipment (for example, when operating aggressive industrial or thermal waters). Thus, when evaluating groundwaters, in addition to the concept of "groundwater resources", the term "groundwater resources" is used, which characterizes the feeding of the aquifer.

Classification of reserves and groundwater resources:

1. Natural Resources  - the volume of gravitational water enclosed in the pores and cracks in the water-bearing rocks. Natural resources  - the amount of groundwater entering the aquifer under natural conditions by infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, filtration from rivers, overflow from higher and lower aquifers.

2. Artificial reserves  - is the volume of groundwater in the reservoir, formed as a result of irrigation, filtration from reservoirs, artificial replenishment of groundwater. Artificial resources  - this is the flow of water entering the aquifer during filtration from canals and reservoirs, in irrigated areas.

3. Attracted resources  - this is the flow of water entering the aquifer with increased supply of groundwater, caused by the operation of water intake facilities.

4. Concepts operational reservesand   operational resources  are in fact synonymous. By them is meant the amount of groundwater that can be obtained by rational water-supply facilities in a techno-economic sense under a given operating regime and at the quality of water that meets the requirements during the entire estimated water consumption period.

Assessment of groundwater quality

When assessing the operational reserves of groundwater, it should be shown that the quality of the water will meet its intended purpose during the entire estimated water consumption period.

The quality of groundwater is determined by the requirements of SanPiNs, technical conditions and departmental instructions. Sanitary-epidemiological rules and standards SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control "establish hygienic requirements for the quality of drinking water, as well as the rules for monitoring the quality of water produced and supplied by centralized drinking water supply systems.

Drinking water should be safe in epidemic and radiation respect, harmless in chemical composition and have favorable organoleptic properties.

The harmlessness of drinking water in terms of chemical composition is determined by its compliance with the standards for generalized indicators and the content of harmful chemicals most commonly found in natural waters in the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as substances of anthropogenic origin that have been globalized (Table 8.2.).

Table 8.1.Standardized microbiological and

Indicators

Units

Standards

Thermotolerant coliforms

The number of bacteria in 100 ml *

Absent

Common coliform bacteria **

Total microbial number **

The number of colony forming bacteria in 1 ml

Not more than 50

Colophages ***

The number of plaque forming units (PFU) in 100 ml

Absent

Disputes about sulfite-reducing clostridia ****

Number of spores in 20 ml

Cysts of lamblia ***

The number of cysts in 50 liters

* In the determination, a three-time study of 100 ml of a sample of water is carried out.

** Exceedance of the standard is not allowed in 95% of the samples taken at the points of draw-off of the external and internal water supply network within 12 months , with an amount of not less than 100 samples per year.

*** The determination is made only in water supply systems from surface sources before water is supplied to the distribution network.

**** The determination is made when assessing the effectiveness of water treatment technology.

In accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02 sanitary protection zones are organized in three belts:

1) the first belt (strict regime) includes the territory of the location of water intake wells, the sites of all waterworks and the water channel. Its purpose is to protect the water intake point and water intake structures from accidental or deliberate pollution and damage;

2) the second and third zones (restrictions) include the territory intended to prevent water pollution of the water supply sources themselves.

It is assumed that the second belt of SOS serves to prevent bacterial (microbial) contamination, and the third belt is designed to protect against chemical pollution of groundwater.

In each of the three ZSO zones, a special regime is established and a set of measures is designed to prevent possible deterioration of water quality.

The boundary of the first ZSO belt is assigned normatively at a distance of at least 30 m from the water intake - when using protected groundwater and at a distance of not less than 50 m - when using insufficiently protected groundwater.

Protected underground waters include pressure and non-pressure inter-reservoir waters that have a continuous waterproof roof within all ZSO belts, excluding the possibility of local feeding from overlying inadequately protected aquifers.

Table 8.2. Normalized indicators of the chemical composition drinking water

To insufficiently protected groundwater are:

a) Groundwater;

b) pressure and non-pressure interstitial waters that, under natural conditions or as a result of the exploitation of water intake, feed on the area of ​​SSS from overlying inadequately protected aquifers through hydrogeological windows or permeable roof rocks, as well as from waterways and reservoirs by direct hydraulic communication.

The dimensions of the second belt of SSS are determined by special hydrodynamic calculations. Calculations are conducted on the time of advancing pollution from the border of the belt to the water intake of groundwater. Calculations are conducted from the conditions that microbial contamination entering the aquifer outside the second belt does not reach the water intake for a time shorter than the life span of pathogens and bacteria.

The main parameter that determines the distance from the boundaries of the second zone of the ZOS to the water intake is the time for the advance of microbial contamination with the flow of groundwater to the water intake T m

The boundary of the 3 rd zone of SSS, designed to protect the aquifer from chemical contamination, is also determined by special hydrodynamic calculations.

The dimensions of the 3rd ZCO belt are calculated using the following methods:

the method of neutral streamlines;

on the time of arrival of chemical pollution to the intake of groundwater;

on the time of arrival to the intake of groundwater the maximum permissible concentration of the polluting component

Table 8.3. Time T m for calculating the boundaries of the 2nd ZOS belt

When calculating by the second method, proceed from the fact that the time for the movement of chemical contamination to the intake should be greater than some calculated value of T x. The value of T x is assumed to be equal to the time of operation of the water intake (the usual operation life of the water intake is 25-30 years). In most cases, T x = 10 4 days.

RESERVES OF UNDERGROUND WATER (a., Subsurface water storage, n., Untergrundwasservorrate; f. Ressources en eaux souterraines; and. Reservas de aguas subterraneas) - quantity water  , contained in aquifer  In natural conditions or entering it as a result of water management activities. The term "groundwater reserves" is often also understood as the amount of water that can be used. There are several classifications  reserves groundwater  to estimate the amount of groundwater. In most of them, the concepts of "resources" and "stocks" are distinguished. The term "reserves" usually refers to the volume (mass) of groundwater in, the term "resources" - the consumption of groundwater per unit time. Allocate natural and elastic reserves. Natural (also called static, geological, age-old or reservoir) reserves of groundwater characterize, in voluminous units, the total amount of water in the aquifer bed  , elastic reserves - the amount of water released when the aquifer is opened and the reservoir pressure  in it during pumping or self-pouring due to the volumetric expansion of water and a decrease in the pore space of the formation itself.

In the practice of hydrogeological research, an estimate is usually made of the natural and operational resources of groundwater. Natural resources (or dynamic reserves) characterize the value of groundwater supply due to infiltration  atmospheric precipitation, absorption of river runoff and overflow from other aquifers, total expressed by the flow rate or the thickness of the layer of water entering the groundwater. The average annual value of groundwater supply, minus evaporation, is equal to the value of underground runoff, therefore, with regional estimates, the natural resources of groundwater are often expressed by the average annual and minimum values ​​of the modules of the underground runoff.

Operational reserves of groundwater (resources) - the amount of water that can be extracted per unit time from the aquifer rationally in a techno-economic sense by water intake at a given operating regime and at a water quality that satisfies the requirements throughout the whole accounting period  operation. Operational reserves (resources) are one of the main criteria for the feasibility and feasibility of using groundwater for various purposes. At the same time, according to the established tradition, regional estimates usually use the term "operational resources", and with estimates for water supply  specific objects - "operational reserves". When assessing operational reserves (resources), the possibility of using natural (including elastic) reserves, natural resources, as well as attracted (additional) resources formed directly from the operation of water intakes (attraction of surface waters, groundwaters of "unproductive" horizons, etc. .).

An important source of formation of operational reserves can serve as artificial reserves and resources created by pumping surface water into natural underground reservoirs with the help of special facilities, filtration losses from reservoirs and canals, infiltration of irrigation water on irrigated massifs, and so on. The resources (stocks) of fresh groundwater are determined on local sites for the purpose of supplying water to specific objects (cities, enterprises) and a large territory for which a regional assessment of natural and operational resources is provided for the purpose of planning future possibilities for using groundwater. Assessment of operational groundwater resources at local sites is carried out on the basis of special exploration hydrogeological works or operating data of existing water intakes with respect to isolated groundwater deposits or their individual areas.

The operational reserves of groundwater, depending on the degree, study of water quality and operating conditions are divided into 4 categories - A, B, C1 and C2. Category A includes reserves that have been explored and studied in detail, providing complete elucidation of the conditions of occurrence, structure, pressure and filtration properties of aquifers, their feeding conditions, the ability to replenish operational reserves, establishing the connection of aquifers with each other and with surface waters, groundwater with reliability, confirming the possibility of their use for a specified purpose for a calculated period water consumption  . The operating reserves of groundwater category A are determined from the data of operation, pilot operational or experimental pumping out in relation to the planned layout of the capturing facilities. In current practice, when calculating Category A reserves, a calculated extrapolation of operation results and experimental data is allowed.

Category B includes reserves that have been explored and studied in detail, which provides an elucidation of the main features of the conditions for the occurrence, structure and feeding of aquifers, the connection of groundwater (the reserves of which are estimated) to other aquifers and surface waters, the determination of the approximate number of natural water resources as possible sources of replenishment of the operational reserves of groundwater. The quality of groundwater should be studied with the same detail as for Category A. Category B inventory reserves are determined within the detailed study area from experimental pumping data or from calculated extrapolation to the planned water intake scheme.

Reserves of category C1 are studied with detail, providing an elucidation in general outline of the structure, conditions of occurrence and distribution of aquifers. The quality of groundwater is studied to the extent that it is possible to first solve the problem of the possibility of using them for a specified purpose. The reserves are estimated from the data of test pumping from single wells, and also by analogy with similar areas.

Category C2 includes reserves established on the basis of general geological and hydrogeological data, confirmed testing  aquifer at certain points, or by analogy. The quality of groundwater is also determined by samples taken at individual points in the aquifer, or by analogy. Operational reserves of category C2 are estimated within aquifer systems  and identified favorable structures. The regional assessment of natural and operational groundwater resources was carried out for the first time in the world practice. The results of the assessment show that the most resources are characterized by intermontane depressions and foothill bends  in the mountain-deposited regions of the country, which are distinguished by favorable conditions for the formation of groundwater. Modules of operational resources in these areas reach 10 l / s.km 2 or more, and debits  separate group ones exceed several m 3 / s (Ararat, Chui, Issyk-Kul artesian basins  the cone of removal of the Hissar foothill plain, the Ferghana Valley, the intermontane depression of the Northern and Southern Tien Shan, etc.). Favorable natural conditions for the accumulation of groundwater are recorded in large artesian basins of the platform type (Moscow, Dnepro-Donetsk, the Baltic, West Siberian, etc.). Modules of operational resources range from 1-2 to 3-5 l / s.km 2, the rates of group water intakes are measured in hundreds of l / s, in river valleys - up to 1 m 3 / s.

The most unfavorable hydrogeological conditions are the Baltic and Ukrainian crystal shields  , some areas of the North and South The Urals , Siberia, the Far North, the Northeast, the Far East, Central and other. Modules of operational resources in most of the territory of these areas do not exceed 0.1 l / s.km 2, only in more watered areas reaching 1-2 l / s .km 2.

In the CCCP in accordance with the Fundamentals water legislation  use of fresh groundwater not associated with, as a rule, not allowed, and only in areas where there are no surface sources, but there are sufficient operational reserves of fresh groundwater, it is possible to operate them for other purposes by special permission of government agencies regulating the use and protection water resources. On the distribution and use of mineral and

Which can be used in economic activities.

The total volume of static water resources in Russia is estimated at approximately 88.9 thousand km 3 fresh water, of which a large part is concentrated in groundwater, lakes and glaciers, with an estimated share of 31%, 30% and 17%, respectively. The share of Russian static freshwater resources in the world's total resources is about 20% (excluding glaciers and groundwater). Depending on the type of water sources, this indicator varies from 0.1% (for glaciers) to 30% (for lakes).

Dynamic reserves of Russia's water resources are 4 258.6 km 3 per year (more than 10% of the world index), which makes Russia the second country in the world in terms of gross water resources after Brazil. At the same time, Russia occupies the 28th place in the world in terms of water availability ().

Russia has significant water resources and uses no more than 2% of their dynamic reserves annually; while a number of regions are experiencing a water shortage, which is mainly due to the uneven distribution of water resources throughout the country - the most developed areas of the European part of Russia, where more than 80% of the population are concentrated, account for no more than 10-15% of water resources.

Rivers

The river network of Russia is one of the most developed in the world: on the territory of the state there are about 2.7 million rivers and streams.

More than 90% of the rivers belong to the basins of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans; 10% to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean (the Baltic and Azov-Black Sea basins) and the inland inland basins, the largest of which is the Caspian Sea basin. In the regions belonging to the basins of the Caspian Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, about 87% of the Russian population live and most of the economic infrastructure, production capacities of the industry and productive agricultural lands are concentrated.

The length of the vast majority of rivers in Russia does not exceed 100 km; a considerable part of them are rivers with a length of less than 10 km. They represent about 95% of the more than 8 million km of the Russian river network. Small rivers and streams are the main element of the channel network of catchment areas. In their pools  lives up to 44% of Russia's population, including almost 90% of the rural population.

The average long-term river runoff of Russian rivers is 4258.6 km 3 per year, most of this volume is formed in the territory Russian Federation  and only a small part comes from the territory of neighboring states. River flow is distributed unevenly across Russian regions - the average annual indicator varies from 0.83 km 3 per year in the Republic of Crimea to 930.2 km 3 per year in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The average in Russia is 0.49 km / km 2, while the spread of this indicator is uneven for different regions - from 0.02 km / km 2 in the Republic of Crimea to 6.75 km / km 2 in the Republic of Altai.

The peculiarity of the structure of the river network of Russia is mainly the meridional direction of the flow of most rivers.

The largest rivers in Russia

On the question of which river is the largest in Russia, you can respond in different ways - it all depends on what indicator to compare. The main indicators of the rivers are the basin area, length, average multi-year runoff. It is also possible to compare by such indicators as the density of the river basin network and others.

The largest water systems in Russia by the area of ​​the basin are the systems Obi , Yenisei , Lena , Cupid   and The Volga  ; The total area of ​​the basins of these rivers is over 11 million km 2 (taking into account the foreign parts of the basins of the Ob, Yenisei, Amur and, slightly, the Volga).

About 96% of all lake water reserves are concentrated in the eight largest lakes in Russia (excluding the Caspian Sea), 95.2% of which are located in Lake Baikal.

The largest lakes in Russia

Determining which lake is the largest, it is important to determine the indicator by which the comparison will be carried out.The main indicators of lakes are the area of ​​the mirror and the area of ​​the basin, the average and maximum depths, water volume, salinity, altitude, etc.Indisputable leader in most indicators (area, volume, area of ​​the pool) - Caspian Sea.

The largest area of ​​the Caspian Sea (390,000 km 2), Baikal   (31,500 km 2), Lake Ladoga   (18,300 km 2), Lake Onega   (9,720 km 2) and the lake Taimyr  (4,560 km 2).

The largest lakes in the catchment area are the Caspian (3,100,000 km 2), Baikal (571,000 km 2), Ladoga (282,700 km 2), Ubsu-Nur   on the border of Mongolia and Russia (71,100 km 2) and Vuoksa   (68,500 km 2).

The deepest lake is not only Russia but also the world - Baikal (1642 m). The next are the Caspian (1025 m), lakes Khantai   (420 m), Ring (369 m) and Tserik-Köl (368 m).

The most full-flowing lakes are the Caspian (78,200 km 3), Baikal (23,615 km 3), Ladoga (838 km 3), Onega (295 km 3) and Khantaysk (82 km 3).

The most salty lake in Russia - El'ton   (the mineralization of water in the lake in autumn reaches 525 ‰, which is 1.5 times more than the mineralization of the Dead Sea) in the Volgograd region.

Lake Baikal, Teletskoye Lake and Ubsu-Nur are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 2008, Lake Baikal is recognized as one of the seven wonders of Russia.

Reservoirs

On the territory of Russia are in operation about 2700 reservoirs   with a capacity of over 1 million m 3 with a total useful volume of 342 km 3, more than 90% of which is in reservoirs with a capacity of more than 10 million m 3.

The main purposes of the use of reservoirs:

• water supply;
• agriculture;
• power engineering;
• water transport;
• fisheries;
• timber-floating;
• irrigation;
• recreation (rest);
• protection from floods;
• watering;
• shipping.

The most strongly regulated reservoirs of the rivers of the European part of Russia, where there is a shortage of water resources in certain periods. For example, river flow Ural   is regulated by 68%, Don  - by 50%, the Volga - by 40% (reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade).

A significant proportion of the regulated flow occurs in the rivers of the Asian part of Russia, primarily in Eastern Siberia - the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk region (the reservoir of the Angara-Yenisei cascade), as well as the Amur region in the Far East.

The largest reservoirs in Russia

In view of the fact that the fullness of the reservoirs depends heavily on seasonal and annual factors, the comparison is usually based on the indices reached by the reservoir at (NPH).

The main tasks of reservoirs are the accumulation of water resources and the regulation of river flow, therefore, the full and important parameters for determining the size of reservoirs are important. It is also possible to compare reservoirs according to parameters such as the magnitude of the NPC, the height of the dam, the area of ​​the mirror, the length of the shoreline, and others.

The largest reservoirs are in full volume in the eastern regions of Russia: Fraternal   (169.3 billion m 3), Zeyskoye   (68,420 million m 3), Irkutsk   and Krasnoyarsk  (63,000 million m 3 each) and Ust-Ilimsk   (58 930 million m 3).

The largest reservoirs of Russia in terms of useful volume are Bratskoye (48,200 million m 3), Kuibyshev   (34,600 million cubic meters), Zeya (32,120 million cubic meters), Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk (31,500 million cubic meters), are also almost all located in the east; The European part of Russia is represented by only one reservoir, Kuibyshev, located in five regions of the Volga region.

The largest reservoirs in the area of ​​the mirror: Irkutsk on the river. Angara (32 966 km 2), Kuibyshev on the river. The Volga (6,488 km 2), the Bratskoe on the river. Angara (5 470 km 2), Rybinsk  (4 550 km 2) and Volgograd  (3,309 km 2) on the river. The Volga.

Marshes

Marshes play an important role in the formation of the hydrological regime of rivers. Being a stable source of food for rivers, they regulate floods and floods, stretching them in time and in height, and within their arrays contribute to the natural purification of river water from many pollutants. One of the important functions of the marshes is carbon deposition: marsh binds carbon and thus reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, weakening the greenhouse effect; Each year, Russian swamps connect about 16 million tons of carbon.

The total area of ​​the swamps of Russia is more than 1.5 million km 2, or 9% of the total area. The marshes are unevenly distributed throughout the country: the largest number of marshes is concentrated in the northwestern regions of the European part of Russia and in the central regions of the West Siberian Plain; to the south the process of bog formation is weakened and almost ceased.

The most marshy region is the Murmansk region - marshes make up 39.3% of the total area of ​​the region. The least affected are the Penza and Tula oblasts, the Republics of Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia and Ingushetia, Moscow (including new territories) - about 0.1%.

The areas of marshes range from a few hectares to thousands of square kilometers. In the marshes there are about 3,000 km 3 of static water reserves, and their total average annual flow is estimated at 1,000 km 3 / year.

Important elements of the marshes is peat - a unique fuel of vegetable origin, possessing and. The total reserves of peat in Russia are about 235 billion tons, or 47% of the world's reserves.

The biggest swamps in Russia

The largest marsh in Russia and one of the largest in the world - Vasyugan swamp  (52 000 km 2), located on the territory of four regions of the Russian Federation. - Salymo-Yuganskaya marsh system  (15,000 km 2), Verkhnevolzhsky wetland complex  (2,500 km 2), Selago-Harpinsky bogs  (1,580 km 2) and Usinskoye bog  (1,391 km 2).

The Vasyugan swamp is a candidate for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Glaciers

The total number of glaciers in the Russian Federation is over 8 thousand, the area of ​​island and mountain glaciers is about 60 thousand km 2, water reserves are estimated at 13.6 thousand km 3, which makes glaciers one of the largest accumulators of water resources in the country.

In addition, large reserves of fresh water are conserved in the Arctic ice, but their volumes are constantly decreasing and, according to recent estimates, this strategic freshwater reserve may disappear by 2030.

Most of the glaciers in Russia are represented by glacial cover of islands and archipelagoes of the Arctic Ocean - about 99% of glacial water resources of Russia are concentrated in them. The share of mountain glaciers accounts for slightly more than 1% of the glacial water reserve.

The share of glacier feeding in the total flow of rivers originating from glaciers reaches 50% of the annual volume; The average annual glacial runoff, feeding the rivers, is estimated at 110 km 3 / year.

Glacial systems of Russia

According to the area of ​​glaciation, the largest are mountain glacier systems Kamchatka  (905 km 2),

The groundwater

Underground water accounts for a significant part of fresh water reserves in Russia. In conditions of increasing deterioration in the quality of surface water, fresh groundwater is often the only source of population drinking water  high quality, protected from pollution.

Natural reserves of groundwater in Russia - about 28 thousand km 3; the forecast resources, according to the state monitoring of the state of the subsoil, are about 869,055 thousand m 3 / day - from about 1,330 thousand m 3 / day in the Crimean to 250 902 thousand m 3 / day in the Siberian Federal District.

The average supply of forecasted groundwater resources in Russia is 6 m 3 / day per person.

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES

Hydraulic engineering structures  (GTS) - facilities for the use of water resources, as well as for the control of a total capacity of more than 800 billion cubic meters; To protect settlements, economic objects and agricultural lands, over 10,000 km of protective water dams and shafts have been built.

The composition of the ameliorative and water management complex of federal property includes more than 60 thousand various hydraulic structures, including more than 230 reservoirs, more than 2 thousand regulating waterworks  , about 50 thousand km of water supply and discharge channels, over 3 thousand km of protective shafts and dams.

The structure of transport waterworks includes more than 300 shipping GTS, located on inland waterways and are in federal ownership.

Hydraulic engineering structures in Russia are managed Federal Agency for Water Resources  , The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Part of the GTS is privately owned, over 6,000 are ownerless.

Channels

Artificial channels-channels are an important part of the water system of the Russian Federation. The main tasks of the channels are the redistribution of the flow, navigation, irrigation and others.

Almost all operating shipping channels of Russia are located in the European part and, with some exceptions, are part of the United Deep Sea System of the European part of the country. Part of the canals are historically united in waterways, for example, The Volga-Baltic   and North-Dvinsky  , consisting of natural (rivers and lakes) and artificial (canals and reservoirs) waterways. There are also sea channels created to reduce the length of sea roads, reduce risks and hazards of navigation, increase the cross-country capacity of sea-bound water bodies.

The main part of the economic (meliorative) canals with a total length of more than 50,000 km is concentrated in the Southern and North Caucasian federal districts, and to a lesser extent in the Central, Volga, and southern parts of the Siberian Federal District. The total area of ​​the reclaimed lands of Russia is 89 thousand km 2. Irrigation is of great importance for Russian agriculture, since arable land is located mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, where crop yields fluctuate sharply year by year depending on weather conditions and only 35% of arable land is in conditions favorable for water supply.

The biggest channels of Russia

The largest waterways of Russia: The Volga-Baltic Waterway  (861 km), which includes, in addition to natural routes, Belozersky, Onega bypass, Vytegorsky and Priladozhsky canals; -, - a regulatory act regulating relations in the field of water use.

In accordance with Article 2 of the Water Code, the water legislation of Russia consists of the Code itself, other federal laws and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them, as well as by-laws adopted by the executive authorities.

Water legislation (laws and regulatory acts issued in accordance with them) is based on the following principles:

Part of the legal system of Russia in the field of use and protection of water objects are international treaties of Russia and ratified international conventions, such as Convention on Wetlands  (Ramsar, 1971) and Convention of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes  (Helsinki, 1992).

Water resources management

The central link in the use and protection of water resources is the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation  (Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia), which exercises the authority to develop state policy and regulatory and legal regulation in the sphere of water relations of Russia.

Russia's water resources management at the federal level implements Federal Agency for Water Resources  (Rosvodresursy), which is part of the structure of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia.

Authorities of Rosvodresursov to provide public services and management of federal property in the regions are carried out by the territorial units of the agency - the Basin Water Administration (BWI), as well as 51 subordinate institutions. Currently, Russia has 14 TTBs, which structure includes departments in all regions of the Russian Federation. Exceptions are the regions of the Crimean Federal District - in accordance with the agreements signed in July-August 2014, part of Rosvodresursov's powers was transferred by the relevant structures of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea and the Government of Sevastopol.

The management of water resources in regional ownership is carried out by the relevant structures of regional administrations.

Management of federal land reclamation facilities is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Department of Land Reclamation), water objects of transport infrastructure - the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation (Federal Agency for Marine and River Transport).

State accounting and monitoring of water resources is carried out Rosvodresursami; in charge of State Water Registry  - starring Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring  (Roshydromet) and the Federal Agency for Subsoil Use (Rosnedra); in charge of Russian Register of Hydraulic Structures  - with the participation of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor) and the Federal Service for Transport Supervision (Rostransnadzor).

The Federal Service for Nature Management (Rosprirodnadzor) oversees compliance with the law on the use and protection of water bodies, and Rostechnadzor and Rostransnadzor hydrotechnical facilities.

According to the Water Code of the Russian Federation, the basic unit of the management structure in the field of use and protection of water bodies are basin districts  , but to date the existing structure of Rosvodresursov is organized according to the administrative-territorial principle and in many respects does not coincide with the boundaries of basin districts.

Public policy

The basic principles of state policy in the field of use and protection of water objects are fixed in Water Strategy of the Russian Federation  to 2020 and include three key areas:

• guaranteed provision of water resources to the population and sectors of the economy;
• protection and restoration of water bodies;
• ensuring protection from the negative impact of water.

Within the framework of the implementation of the state water policy in 2012, the federal target program "Development of the water management complex of the Russian Federation in 2012-2020"  (Federal Target Program "Water of Russia"). Also adopted the federal target program "Pure Water" for 2011-2017 , federal Target Program "Development of Land Reclamation of Agricultural Land in Russia for 2014-2020"  , targeted programs in the Russian regions.