Work vessels operating under pressure. Rules for the construction and safe operation of pressure vessels

To control the operation and ensure safe operating conditions, the vessels, depending on the purpose, should be equipped with:

shut-off or shut-off valves; instruments for measuring pressure; devices for measuring temperature; safety devices; liquid level indicators.

Vessels equipped with quick-cover caps should have safety devices that exclude the possibility of switching on the pressure vessel when the lid is not fully closed or the lid is opened during the operation of the vessel - locks with a key-mark.

Question 2. In what cases is an extraordinary examination of knowledge carried out by personnel serving vessels operating under pressure.

production control

independent work

Question 3. Obligations of the staff when accepting and handing over the shift.

Before starting to work, the operator should familiarize himself with the entries in the shift journal and, together with the operator taking the change, inspect the autoclaves, pipelines, fittings, safety devices, instrumentation, and also check the operability of their operation. The safety valves are adjusted to a pressure of 5.5 bar, sealed. Serviceability of the PC is checked by undermining on autoclaves under pressure. The serviceability of the pressure gauges is checked by setting to "O". It is necessary to ensure that there is no steam leakage and hot water through the seals of the lids of autoclaves, the presence of key marks, the sound and light signaling, the presence of water in the make-up water tanks, cold and hot water.
The acceptance / delivery of the shift is documented in a shift log with the indication of the results of inspection and verification of the serviceability of the equipment, safety devices and instrumentation. The signature of the receiver must be the first, the depositor can not leave the workplace before handing over the object to the changer. Change is not transmitted in the event of an emergency, to the operator who has painful a kind or being in a state of alcoholic or narcotic intoxication.

Question 4. First aid for burns.

lower the handle of the nearest fire detector and, if possible, phone and tell who is calling, what and where it happened; at accident with people to take measures to immediate implementation of urgent measures to provide first-aid first aid.

Assistance with thermal burns depending on their degree:

cold water

Ticket # 2

Question 1. Requirements for shut-off and shut-off valves.

Number, type and location of installation stop valves is installed in accordance with the shut-off and shut-off valves should be installed on the fittings directly connected to the vessel, or on the pipelines leading to the vessel and taking the working medium out of it. When serial connection several vessels need to install such fittings between them is determined by the project developer.

name or trademark manufacturer; conditional pass, mm; conditional pressure, MPa (it is allowed to indicate working pressure and permissible temperature); direction of flow of the medium; grade of the material of the body.

On the flywheel of the shut-off valve, the direction of its rotation should be indicated when opening or closing the valve.
Armature with a conditional passage more than 20 mm, made of alloy steel or non-ferrous metals, must have a passport (certificate).
The reinforcement must be numbered according to the scheme.
The reinforcement must provide a density of overlap and a smooth running.

Question 2. Requirements for welders who have the right to carry out welding operations of the vessel and its elements.

Welders, certified in accordance with the Rules of certification of welders, approved by Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia and having a certificate of the established form, are allowed to manufacture welding operations.

Repair is carried out according to the technology developed by the manufacturer, design or repair by the organization before the start performance of work.

Welders can produce welding work of the species indicated in their certificate. Work is carried out along the admission. The results of the work should be entered in the vessel's passport.

Question 3. Obligations of maintenance personnel when servicing the pressure vessel.

The operator must know and follow the requirements of the instruction on the operating mode and safe maintenance of autoclaves, developed and approved in accordance with the established procedure the owner vessel.

Correctly to accept / change the shift; to be responsible for the safety of the key-mark; to transfer the key-mark against the signature; to monitor the working condition of the vessel and auxiliary equipment, to comply with the technological regime of the sterilization process; Control the sterilization phases according to the program and visually on the instruments; take appropriate measures in the event of emergency situations, up to the stopping of autoclaves; do not leave without supervision the autoclaves in operation; check the blocking devices for serviceability; at least once a shift check gauges, valves, liquid level indicators; about all malfunctions and changes to make entries in the journal.

Question 4. Actions of maintenance personnel in case of a fire in the room.

If a fire threatens a pressure vessel (emergency stopping case), the vessel must be stopped immediately.

Press the emergency stop button of this autoclave located on the control panel of this autoclave. In this case, instantaneous de-energization of all pumps, actuators and valves occurs, which leads to their stopping and closing, and the automatic locking of the loading door remains in the "Closed" position when the voltage is removed. Manually close valve steam supply. Report the stoppage to the person responsible for the safe operation of the autoclaves, record the time and reasons for the stoppage in the operational journal. In the future, follow the instructions of the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessels.

Ticket # 3

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Procedure for admission of personnel to vessel maintenance.

Persons who passed the exams are issued with certificates stating the name, parameters of the working environment of the vessels to which these persons are allowed to service. The certificates are signed by the chairman of the commission.
Periodic testing of staff knowledge, serving vessels, should be conducted at least once every 12 months.
An extraordinary test of knowledge is conducted:

when moving to another organization; in the event of a change in the instruction on the operating mode and safe maintenance of the vessel; at the request of the inspector of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia.

At a break in work on a specialty more than 12 months - training.

The organization should develop and approve, in accordance with the established procedure, an instruction on the mode of operation and safe vascular maintenance. For vessels (autoclaves) with quick-detachable lids, the order in which the key is stored and used should be reflected in the instructions. The instruction should be on workplaces and be issued under the receipt to the service personnel.

Question 2. Cases of emergency stop of blood vessels.

The reasons for the emergency stop of the vessel should be recorded in a removable log.
To further start the autoclave, you must obtain a written order from the person responsible for safe operation.

Question 3. The requirements of the rules for pressure gauges installed on vessels.

On the scale of the manometer, the owner of the vessel should have a red line indicating the working pressure in the vessel. Instead of the red line, it is allowed to attach a metal plate to the body of the manometer, which is colored red and fits snugly against the glass of the manometer.

A three-way valve or a replacement device must be installed between the manometer and the vessel, allowing periodic testing of the manometer using a pressure gauge.
If necessary, the pressure gauge, depending on the operating conditions and properties of the medium in the vessel, must be provided with either a siphon tube or an oil buffer , or other devices that protect it from direct exposure to the environment and temperature and ensure its reliable operation.

there is no seal or stigma with a note on verification; expired verification period; the arrow when it is turned off does not return to zero scale reading by more than half the permissible error for this device; broken glass or there are damages that may affect the correctness of its readings.

Verification of pressure gauges with their sealing or stamping should be carried out at least once every 12 months by the verifier (after the state verification, a stigma is put on which the quarter and year of verification are put). In addition, at least once every 6 months, the owner of the vessel should carry out an additional check of the working manometers with a control manometer with the recording of the results in the checklist (the control manometer should have an accuracy class not lower than the working manometer and the same scale range). Checking the statement on "O" by the operator, respectively.

Question 4. Responsibility for violation of the production instruction.

The operator on duty is obliged to comply with the requirements of the production instruction. Persons who committed a violation of the production instruction are liable in accordance with the current legislation, depending on the severity of the consequences.
A responsibility:

Ticket # 4

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Requirements for Safety Valves (PCs) installed on vessels.

spring; lever-cargo; impulsive; Devices with collapsing membranes; Other devices whose application is consistent with GTTN.

to exclude the possibility of tightening the spring in excess of the set value; the spring must be protected from the influence of the working medium; - the spring must be protected from overheating / cooling; provide a device for checking the serviceability of the valve in working order by forcing it open during operation.

If the working pressure of the vessel is equal to or greater than the pressure of the supply source and the possibility of increasing the pressure from the chemical reaction or heating is excluded in the vessel, then installation of a safety valve and a manometer on it is not necessary. The procedure and terms for checking the PC - specified in the instruction manual of the PC.
The number of safety valves, their dimensions and throughput should be chosen in accordance with the calculation so that the vessel does not create a pressure exceeding the excess operating pressure by more than

0,05 MPa (0,5 kgs / sq. Cm) for pressure vessels< 0,3 МПа (3 кгс/кв. см); 15% - для сосудов с давлением от 0,3 <Р< 6,0 МПа (от 3 до 60 кгс/кв. см); 10% - для сосудов с давлением > 6,0 MPa (60 kgf / sq. Cm).

The manufacturer's safety device must be supplied with a passport and operating instructions (and with a certificate of compliance if the PC is foreign).
In the passport, along with other information, the valve consumption factor for compressible and incompressible media, as well as the area to which it is assigned, should be indicated.
The safety devices must be installed on nozzles or pipelines directly connected to the vessel. The connecting pipelines of the safety devices (supply, discharge and drainage) must be protected from freezing in them of the working medium.
Safety devices should be placed in places accessible for their maintenance.
The installation of a shut-off valve between the vessel and the safety device, and also beyond it, is not permitted.
The medium after the safety valve must be taken to a safe place.

Question 2. Emergency shutdown procedure for a pressure vessel.

All emergency shutdown cases and procedures should be reflected in the production instruction.
The vessel must be immediately stopped in cases stipulated by the instruction on the operating mode and safe maintenance, in particular:

if the pressure in the vessel has risen above the permitted and does not decrease, despite the measures taken by the staff; if there is a failure of the safety devices from increasing the pressure; if there are looseness, bulges, rupture of gaskets, depressurization of the seal of the quick-detachable cover in the vessel and its pressure-operated parts; if the pressure gauge is faulty and it is not possible to determine the pressure from other instruments; if all liquid level indicators fail; if the safety interlocks fail; in the event of a fire directly threatening a vessel under pressure.

The order of emergency stopping of autoclaves is as follows:

Press the emergency stop button of this autoclave located on the control panel of this autoclave. In this case, instantaneous de-energization of all pumps, actuators and valves occurs, which leads to their stopping and closing, and the automatic locking of the loading door remains in the "Closed" position when the voltage is removed. Manually close the steam supply valve; Report the stoppage to the person responsible for the safe operation of the autoclaves, record the time and reasons for the stoppage in the operational journal. In the future, follow the instructions of the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessels.

In cases requiring repair of the main elements of the autoclave, it is necessary to switch to manual control and dampen the autoclave. Before opening the autoclave, it is necessary to visually verify (the indicator on the circuit and the level sensor) in the absence of water.
Prior to the arrival of the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessels to investigate the circumstances and causes of the accident or accident in the operation of autoclaves, the operator must ensure the safety of the entire accident (accident) situation, if this does not pose a danger to people's lives and does not cause further development of the accident.
To further start the autoclave, it is necessary to obtain a written order from the person responsible for the proper condition and safe operation of the vessels.

Question 3. The requirements of the Rules for warehouses for storage of cylinders.

Warehouses for storage of cylinders filled with gases should be one-story with light type covers and no attic spaces.
Walls, partitions, coatings for gas storages should be of fireproof materials of at least II degree of fire resistance.
Windows and doors should open outwards. Window and door glass should be matte or painted over with white paint.
The height of storage spaces for cylinders should be at least 3.25 m from the floor to the lower protruding parts of the roofing.
The floors of warehouses should be smooth with a non-slip surface, eliminating sparking (for cylinders with combustible gases).
In warehouses, instructions, rules and posters for handling bottles in the warehouse should be posted.
Warehouses for cylinders with explosive and flammable gases must be located in the lightning protection zone.
Storage in one room 02 and flammable gases - is prohibited.
Warehouses must have at least three times the air exchange.
The warehouse should be equipped with fire extinguishing means.

Question 4. First aid for chemical burns.

In the event of an emergency, the employee must:

lower the handle of the nearest fire detector and, if possible, phone and tell who is calling, what and where it happened; in case of an accident with people, take measures to immediately carry out urgent measures to provide first-aid first aid;

Any chemical burn should be rinsed with plenty of clean cold water. It is inadmissible to use strong and concentrated solutions of acids and alkalis for the neutralization reaction on the skin of the affected person.

Ticket number 5

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 2. Requirements for plugs installed on the off-line section of the pipeline during its repair.

Blinds are used to separate (mute the disconnected) steam, cold water, air and drain lines.

Used to disconnect autoclaves, plugs between flanges , should be of adequate strength and have a protruding part (tail), which determines the presence of the plug. On the shank, the plugs must indicate:

the pressure at which the plug is designed; diameter to which the plug is designed.

Question 3. Requirements for liquid level indicators (FSW)

Question 4. What data should be stamped on the spherical part of each cylinder.

On the upper spherical part of each cylinder should be knocked out and clearly visible the following data:

the manufacturer's trademark; cylinder number; actual empty balloon mass (kg); date (month, year) of manufacture and year of the next survey; working pressure P, MPa (kgf / sq. cm); Test hydraulic pressure Рпр, МПа (kgs / sq. cm), (50% more working); capacity of cylinders, l; stamp of the manufacturer of a round form with a diameter of 10 mm (excluding standard cylinders with a capacity of more than 55 liters); standard number for cylinders with a capacity of more than 55 liters.

The height of the signs on the cylinders should be not less than 6 mm, and on cylinders with a capacity of more than 55 liters - not less than 8 mm.
The weight of cylinders, with the exception of acetylene cylinders, is indicated taking into account the mass of the applied paint, the hood and shoe rings, if provided for in the design, but without the mass of the valve and the cap.
On cylinders with a capacity of up to 5 liters or with a wall thickness of less than 5 mm, passport data can be stamped on a plate soldered to a cylinder or painted with enamel or oil paint.
Cylinders for dissolved acetylene must be filled with an appropriate amount of porous mass and solvent.

Ticket # 6

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Purpose and location of the three-way valve.

A three-way valve is a device that makes it possible to check the manometer periodically with a control manometer. It is installed between the manometer and the vessel. The positions of the three-way valve:

Question 2. The order of performance of work when removing the vessel for repair.

The vessel is removed for repair only upon written instructions from the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessel. Before putting out for repair, the autoclave must be drained, dampened and de-energized from the mains and compressed air network. The pipelines for steam, cold water, air and drainage must be separated by plugs or disconnected. The disconnected pipelines must be plugged. The handwheels of the stop valves are fixed by locks or chains with locks. Used for switching off the autoclaves, the plugs installed between the flanges must be of adequate strength and have a protruding part (tail), through which the presence of a plug is determined.

When working inside the autoclave (repair, cleaning, internal inspection, etc.), safe luminaires should be used for a voltage not exceeding 12V, and the brigade should consist of at least three people. The temperature inside the autoclave should not exceed 50 degrees, the operation time should not exceed 20 minutes, followed by rest or replacement of the worker.
It is forbidden to perform self-repair of the hulls and elements of the autoclave with the use of welding, heating or mechanical stresses (blows, the use of jacks or hoists, etc.). Such repairs are carried out by a specialized organization that has permission (license) GTTN RF for the right to perform the relevant types of work, and with the permission of the responsible, with the record of the repair results in the passport of the autoclave.

Question 3. Personnel actions with increasing pressure inside the vessel.

If the pressure in the vessel has risen above the permitted and does not decrease, despite the measures taken by the personnel - this is an emergency situation and requires an emergency stop of the vessel. First of all, you should check the correctness of the manometer reading.
Personnel actions to reduce pressure in the vessel:

failure of the safety valve; discharge of the medium into the drain.

The order of emergency stopping of autoclaves is as follows:

Press the emergency stop button of this autoclave located on the control panel of this autoclave. In this case, instantaneous de-energizing of all pumps, actuators and valves occurs, which leads to their stopping and closing, with the automatic locking of the loading door remains in the "Closed" position when the voltage is removed; Manually close the steam supply valve; Report the stoppage to the person responsible for the safe operation of the autoclaves, record the time and reasons for the stoppage in the operational journal. In the future, follow the instructions of the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessels.

In cases requiring repair of the main elements of the autoclave, it is necessary to switch to manual control and dampen the autoclave. Before opening the autoclave, it is necessary to visually verify (the indicator on the circuit and the level sensor) in the absence of water.
Prior to the arrival of the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessels to investigate the circumstances and causes of the accident or accident in the operation of autoclaves, the operator must ensure the safety of the entire accident (accident) situation, if this does not pose a danger to people's lives and does not cause further development of the accident.
To further start the autoclave, one must obtain a written order from the person responsible for the serviceable condition and safe operation of the vessels.

Question 4. Safety precautions when transporting cylinders.

Carriage of cylinders by road is made in accordance with the requirements of the relevant regulations (special cars, beacons, plates, protection from sunlight).
Transportation of gas-filled cylinders should be carried out on a spring or a truck in a horizontal position, necessarily with gaskets between the cylinders. As a gasket used wooden bars with cut out jacks, as well as rope or rubber rings with a thickness of at least 25mm (at least two rings per balloon).
All cylinders must be placed in one direction with valves. Permission is granted to transport in an upright position with a guard against a possible drop. Transportation and storage must be carried out with capped caps. Carrying cylinders is prohibited. Canting of cylinders is allowed.

Ticket # 7

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Procedure for authorization to put the vessel into operation.

Prior to the introduction of the vessel into operation, it must be registered with the GGTN with the assignment of the GGTN registration number, have a conclusion project expertise , undergo an examination.

staff

Question 3. Purpose and location of the siphon tube.

Where necessary, pressure gauges and other devices, depending on the operating conditions and environmental properties (corrosion, erosion, crystallization, polymerization) should be provided with a siphon tube or oil buffer, which protects from the environment and ensures reliable operation. It is installed between the manometer and the vessel. The positions of the three-way valve:

working; setting to "0"; purging of the siphon tube; check by the control manometer; collection of condensate.

Question 4. Which cylinders are prohibited to be filled with gas.

The cylinder must not be filled with gas if:

the period of the appointed survey has expired; expiration of the verification of the porous mass (cylinders with acetylene); damaged cylinder body; faulty valves; there is no proper coloring or inscriptions; there is no excess (residual) gas pressure (0.5 atm.); there are no fixed stamps.

Ticket number 8

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Types and terms of technical inspection of vessels.

Technical inspection (TO) includes external inspection (ND), internal inspection (VO) and hydrotesting (GI). Types of maintenance: - primary (after installation); - periodic (regular); - extraordinary. In the case of primary maintenance, the purpose of the ND and VO: it is necessary to verify that the vessel is installed and equipped in accordance with the rules and with the documents presented at registration, and that the vessel has no damage whatsoever. In the case of periodic and extraordinary maintenance, the aim of the ND and VO is to establish the integrity of the vessel and the possibility of its further exploitation. The purpose of the GI is to check the strength of the elements of the vessel and the density of the joints. The primary and extraordinary TO is carried out by an organization that has a GGTN license for the right to conduct an examination. GIs are conducted in case of satisfactory results of carrying out the VO and BUT. Terms of maintenance:. primary - after installation; . extraordinary - at the request of the inspector GGTN or the responsible; . periodic - at least 1 time in 2 years is conducted by NGOs and VOs responsible for production control with a record in the vessel's passport; - at least 1 time in 4 years is conducted by NGOs and VOs by an organization that has a GGTN license with a record in the vessel's passport; - at least once every 8 years are conducted by the GI organization that has a GGTN license. Cases of extraordinary maintenance: - if the vessel has not been operated for more than 12 months; - if the vessel has been dismantled and installed in a new location; - if there is a straightening of the bulges or dents, as well as the repair of the vessel with the use of soldering or welding; "- after the accident of the vessel or elements working under pressure (if the scope of work requires such an inspection) - at the request of the inspector GGTN or responsible for production control.

Question 2. Requirements for the instruction on the mode of operation and safe maintenance of blood vessels.

The organization should develop and approve, in accordance with the established procedure, an instruction on the mode of operation and the safe maintenance of blood vessels (the responsible person is developing, the chief engineer says). For vessels (autoclaves) with quick-detachable lids, the order in which the key is stored and used should be reflected in the instructions.
The instruction should be on workplaces and be issued under the receipt to the service personnel. The instructions should contain a scheme for tying the vessel (the location of pipelines with the designation of the entire shut-off valve).
Instructions on the mode of operation and safe maintenance of blood vessels should be developed on the basis of:

model instructions

1. General instructions (who is allowed to maintain the vessels);

2. Rights and duties of personnel serving the vessel;

3. Procedure for accepting the change;

4. Preparing the vessel for operation;

5. The order of including the vessel in the work;

6. maintenance of the vessel in operation (frequency of reading, etc.);

7. The order of the planned stop;

8. Emergency stopping order;

9. Procedure for removing the vessel for repair;

10. Procedure for hydrotesting;

11. Responsibility for violation of the instructions.

Question 3. In which cases are manometers not allowed for use.

Each vessel and separate cavities with different pressures should be equipped with direct-pressure gauges. The pressure gauge is mounted on the vessel junction or pipeline between the vessel and the shut-off valve.
The pressure gauges shall have an accuracy class not lower than:

2,5 - at working pressure of the vessel up to 2,5 MPa (25 kgf / sq. Cm); 1,5 - at the working pressure of the vessel above 2,5 MPa (25 kgf / sq. Cm).

The pressure gauge should be selected with a scale such that the working pressure limit is in the second third of the scale.
On the scale of the manometer, the owner of the vessel should have a red line indicating the working pressure in the vessel. Instead of a red line, it is allowed to attach a metal plate painted in red and a close fitting glass of the manometer to the manometer body.
The manometer should be installed so that its readings are clearly visible to the attendants.
The nominal diameter of the body of pressure gauges installed at an altitude of up to 2 m from the level of the monitoring area should be not less than 100 mm, at a height of 2 to 3 m - not less than 160 mm.
Installation of pressure gauges at an altitude of more than 3 m from the level of the site is not permitted.
Between the pressure gauge and the vessel, a three-way valve must be installed or replaced with a device that allows periodic testing of the pressure gauge using a control valve.
If necessary, the pressure gauge, depending on the operating conditions and properties of the medium in the vessel, must be provided with either a siphon tube or an oil buffer or other devices that protect it from direct exposure to the environment and temperature and ensure its reliable operation.
Pressure gauges and pipelines connecting them to the vessel must be protected from freezing.
The manometer is not allowed for use in cases where:

there is no seal or stamp with a mark about verification; expired verification period; the arrow when it is turned off does not return to zero scale reading by more than half the permissible error for this device; glass is broken or there are damages that may affect the correctness of the readings.

Verification of pressure gauges with their sealing or stamping should be carried out at least once every 12 months by the verifier (after the state verification, a stigma is put on which the quarter and year of verification are put). In addition, at least once every 6 months, the owner of the vessel should carry out an additional check of the working manometers with a control manometer with the recording of the results in the checklist (the control manometer should have an accuracy class not lower than the working manometer and the same scale range). The check is carried out by setting the pressure gauge to "0" by the operator, each time.

Name of gas	Color of cylinders	Text of the inscription	Color of the inscription	Band Color
				Brown
				Brown
Acetylene		Acetylene
		Compressed air
Oxygen		Oxygen
Other flammable gases		Name of gas
Other non-combustible gases		Name of gas

Ticket number 9

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Procedure for launching the vessel into operation.

The autoclave consists of a vessel that is connected by a piping system to a steam supply system, cooling water, compressed air. At the ends of autoclaves, quick-release hatches are installed. There is a system of locks to prevent unauthorized opening of the hatch of the autoclave and the possibility of starting the autoclave when the hatch is open. The key-mark system serves as an additional protective measure. During operation, the keys are located at the operator, which serves the autoclaves. Keys are transferred when a shift is received / transmitted, a corresponding entry is made in the key log.

To start the autoclave, you need to receive a written order from the person responsible for the safe operation of the autoclave.

Before starting the autoclave, it is necessary to fill the storage tanks of make-up, cold and hot water. Standard work site is carried out in automatic mode, the water level in the storage tanks is maintained automatically.
Before starting the autoclave, you should:

check the serviceability of the pressure gauges by setting them to "0"; load the product into the autoclave, close and lock the quick-access hatches; Open the valve on the steam supply line to the autoclave, turn on the button on the control panel of the autoclave the program for switching it on; check the serviceability of the safety valves.

At the end of the process, after the word "End of cycle" appears on the display, visually check the absence of water in the autoclave, make sure that there is no pressure, make sure that the temperature does not exceed 40 degrees, and then open the unloading hatch.

Question 2. Obligations of maintenance personnel when servicing the pressure vessel.

During the operation of the autoclave, the operator is obliged:

correctly carry out the acceptance / delivery change; to be responsible for the safety of the key-mark; to transfer the key-mark against the signature; to monitor the working condition of the vessel and auxiliary equipment; comply with the technological regime of the sterilization process; Control the sterilization phases according to the program and visually on the instruments; take appropriate measures in the event of emergency situations, up to the stopping of autoclaves; do not leave without supervision the autoclaves in operation; check the blocking devices for serviceability; at least once a shift check gauges, valves, liquid level indicators; about all malfunctions and changes to make entries in the journal.

When starting the autoclave (planned, after an emergency stop) and when taking it out for repair, you must obtain a written instruction from the person responsible for the safe operation of the autoclave.

Question 3. What data should be plotted on the spherical part of the pressure vessel.

A label must be affixed to each vessel. For vessels with an outside diameter of less than 325 mm, a plate may not be installed. In this case, all necessary data must be applied to the vessel's body by the electrographic method.
The plate should bear:

a trademark or manufacturer's name; the name or designation of the vessel; the serial number of the vessel according to the manufacturer's numbering system; Year of manufacture; working pressure, MPa; design pressure, MPa; trial pressure, MPa; permissible maximum and (or) minimum operating temperature of the wall, deg. FROM; Weight of the vessel, kg.

For vessels with separate cavities having different design and test pressures, wall temperature, these data should be indicated for each cavity.

Question 4. The operator's actions in the event of an accident.

if the pressure in the vessel has risen above the permitted and does not decrease, despite the measures taken by the personnel; if there is a failure of the safety devices from increasing the pressure; if there are looseness, bulges, rupture of gaskets, depressurization of the seal of the quick-detachable cover in the vessel and its pressure-operated parts; if the pressure gauge is faulty and it is not possible to determine the pressure from other instruments; if all liquid level indicators fail; if the safety interlocks fail; in the event of a fire directly threatening a vessel under pressure;

The order of emergency stopping of autoclaves is as follows:

press the emergency stop button of this autoclave located on the control panel of this autoclave. In this case, instantaneous de-energization of all pumps, actuators and valves occurs, which leads to their stopping and closing, and the automatic locking of the loading door remains in the "Closed" position when the voltage is removed. close the steam supply valve manually. to inform about the stoppage of the responsibility for the safe operation of autoclaves, to write down the time and reasons for the stoppage in the operational journal. In the future, follow the instructions of the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessels. in cases requiring repair of the main elements of the autoclave, it is necessary to switch to manual control and dampen the autoclave. Before opening the autoclave, it is necessary to visually verify (the indicator on the circuit and the level sensor) in the absence of water.

Prior to the arrival of the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessels to investigate the circumstances and causes of the accident or accident in the operation of autoclaves, the operator must ensure the safety of the entire accident (accident) situation, if this does not pose a danger to people's lives and does not cause further development of the accident.
To further start the autoclave, one must obtain a written order from the person responsible for the serviceable condition and safe operation of the vessels.

Ticket number 10

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Procedure for hydraulic testing of vessels.

Technical inspection (TO) includes external inspection (ND), internal inspection (VO) and hydrotesting (GI).
Types of maintenance:

primary (after installation); periodic (regular); extraordinary.

In the case of primary maintenance, the purpose of the ND and VO: it is necessary to verify that the vessel is installed and equipped in accordance with the rules and with the documents presented at registration, and that the vessel has no damage whatsoever.
In the case of periodic and extraordinary maintenance, the aim of the ND and VO is to establish the integrity of the vessel and the possibility of its further exploitation.
The purpose of the GI is to check the strength of the elements of the vessel and the density of the joints. The primary and extraordinary TO is carried out by an organization that has a GGTN license for the right to conduct an examination. GIs are conducted in case of satisfactory results of carrying out the VO and BUT.
Terms of maintenance:

primary - after installation; extraordinary - at the request of the inspector GGTN or the responsible; extraordinary - at the request of the inspector GGTN or the responsible; periodic - at least 1 time in 2 years is conducted by NGOs and VOs responsible for production control with a record in the vessel's passport; at least 1 time in 4 years is carried out by the BUT and VO by a specialist organization that has a GGTN license with a record in the vessel's passport; at least once in 8 years are conducted by the GI organization, which has a GGTN license.

Cases of the extraordinary maintenance:

if the vessel has not been operated for more than 12 months; - if the vessel has been dismantled and installed in a new location; if the bulges or dents are straightened, as well as the repair of the vessel with soldering or welding; after a vessel accident or elements working under pressure (if the scope of work requires such an examination); At the request of the inspector GGTN or responsible for production control.

The procedure for hydrotesting should be specified in the technical design and specified in the instructions of the manufacturer to install and operate the vessel.
When filling the vessel with water, the air must be completely removed.
For hydraulic testing of blood vessels, water with a temperature of at least 5 ° C should be used. With and not above 40 degrees. C., if in the technical conditions there is no specific temperature value allowed by the condition of brittle failure prevention.
The difference in temperature between the vessel wall and the ambient air during the tests should not cause condensation of moisture on the surface of the vessel walls.
After filling the vessel with water, the pressure is raised to the test pressure (1.25 of the permitted or calculated pressure)
The pressure in the test vessel should be increased smoothly. The speed of the pressure rise must be indicated: for testing the vessel in the manufacturer, in the technical documentation, for testing the vessel during operation, in the installation and operating instructions.
Use of compressed air or other gas to raise the pressure is not allowed.
The pressure when testing should be controlled by two pressure gauges. Both manometers are selected one type, the measurement limit, the same accuracy classes, the division price.
The dwell time of the vessel under test pressure is established by the project developer. After exposure to the test pressure, the pressure is reduced to the design pressure at which the outer surface of the vessel, all its detachable and welded joints, is inspected.
Tapping of the shell walls, welded and detachable junction of the vessel during the tests is not allowed.
The vessel is considered to have withstood a hydraulic test if it is not found:

welded joints

The results of the examination and the date of the next survey are entered in the vessel's passport and signed by the person conducting the maintenance.
For vessels that have fulfilled the estimated service life, the volume, methods and frequency technical survey should be determined by the results of technical diagnosis.

Question 2. Responsibility of the operating personnel for violation of the requirements of instructions on the operating regime and safe maintenance of blood vessels.

material; disciplinary; administrative; criminal.

Question 3. Who can be allowed to perform welding work during the repair of pressure vessels.

Welders, certified in accordance with the Rules of certification of welders, approved by the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia, and having a certificate of the established form are allowed to manufacture welding operations.

The repair is carried out according to the technology developed by the manufacturer, design or repair organization prior to the commencement of work.
Welders can produce welding works of the types listed in their certificate. Work is carried out along the admission. The results of the work should be recorded in the vessel's passport.

Question 4. First aid in case of electric shock.

In the event of an emergency, the employee must:

lower the handle of the nearest fire detector and, if possible, phone and tell who is calling, what and where it happened; In the event of an accident with people, take measures to immediately carry out urgent measures to provide first-aid first aid.

In case of electric shock,

electric current

Ticket number 11

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Procedure for stopping the pressure vessel.

The vessel is removed for repair only upon written instructions from the person responsible for the safe operation of the vessel.
Before putting out for repair, the autoclave must be drained, dampened and de-energized from the mains and compressed air network.
The pipelines for steam, cold water, air and drainage must be separated by plugs or disconnected. The disconnected pipelines must be plugged. The handwheels of the stop valves are fixed by locks or chains with locks. Used for switching off the autoclaves, the plugs installed between the flanges must be of adequate strength and have a protruding part (tail), through which the presence of a plug is determined.
It should be foreseen to exclude the possibility of getting drainage water from neighboring working autoclaves.
The power supply must be de-energized in accordance with the "Lock Off" procedure.
All work is carried out along the admission, issued by the person responsible for the serviceable condition and safe operation of the autoclaves.
When working inside the autoclave (repair, cleaning, internal inspection, etc.), safe luminaires should be used for a voltage not exceeding 12V and the brigade should consist of at least three people. The temperature inside the autoclave should not exceed 50 degrees, the operation time should not exceed 20 minutes, followed by rest or replacement of the worker.
It is forbidden to perform self-repair of the hulls and elements of the autoclave using welding, heating or mechanical stresses (blows, use of jacks or hoists, etc.). Such repairs are carried out by a specialized organization that has a permit (license) from the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation for the right to perform the relevant types of work, and with the permission of the responsible person, with the record of the repair results in the autoclave passport.

Question 2. What are the requirements for the installation of fluid level indicators on vessels.

If it is necessary to control the level of liquid in vessels that have an interface between media, level indicators should be used.
In addition to the level indicators on the vessels, sound, light and other signaling devices and level interlocks may be installed.
Fluid level indicators should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, and good visibility should be ensured.
On vessels heated by a flame or hot gases, which may lower the liquid level below the allowable value, at least two direct-level indicators must be installed.
The design, number and location of the level indicators are determined by the designer of the vessel design. On each liquid level indicator, the permissible upper and lower levels must be marked.
The upper and lower permissible liquid levels in the vessel are set by the project developer. The height of the transparent liquid level indicator should be not less than 25 mm below the lower and above the upper permissible liquid levels, respectively.
If several elevators are to be installed in height, they should be placed so that they provide continuity of the liquid level reading.
Level indicators should be fitted with valves (valves and valves) to disconnect them from the vessel and purge with the removal of the working medium to a safe place.
When used in level indicators as a transparent element of glass or mica, a protective device must be provided to protect personnel from injury when they break.
The transparent element of the UWL must be at least 8 mm wide. Purge UUZH is made not less than 1 time for a shift.

Question 3. Who can be allowed to operate the vessels.

Persons under 18 years of age who have undergone medical examination, trained in the appropriate program, certified and having a certificate for the right to service vessels, may be admitted to the service of vessels.
Persons who pass the exams are issued with certificates stating the name of the working environment of the vessels, to which these persons are allowed to service. The certificates are signed by the chairman of the commission.
Certification of personnel serving vessels with quick-detachable lids is carried out by a commission with the participation of the GGTN inspector, in other cases, the inspector's participation in the work of the commission is not necessary.
Periodic testing of the knowledge of personnel serving vessels should be conducted at least once every 12 months. An extraordinary test of knowledge is conducted:

The results of testing the knowledge of maintenance personnel are made out of a protocol signed by the chairman and members of the commission with a note in the certificate. The admission of personnel is formalized by the order on the organization.

Question 4. The design of the safety valves used.

Each vessel (the cavity of the combined vessel) must be equipped with safety devices from a pressure increase above the permissible value. The following are used as PCs:

spring; lever-cargo; impulsive; Devices with collapsing membranes; Other devices, the application of which is consistent with GGTN.

The design of the spring valve must:

to exclude the possibility of tightening the spring in excess of the set value; the spring must be protected from the influence of the working medium; the spring must be protected from overheating / cooling; if the pressure gauge is faulty and it is not possible to determine the pressure from other instruments; if all liquid level indicators fail; if the safety interlocks fail; in the event of a fire directly threatening a vessel under pressure.

Ticket number 12

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4

Question 1. Obligations of the operator during the maintenance of pressure vessels.

The operator must know and follow the requirements of the instruction on the operating mode and safe maintenance of autoclaves, developed and approved in the established order by the owner of the vessel.
During the operation of the autoclave, the operator is obliged:

Correctly to accept / change the shift; to be responsible for the safety of the key-mark; to transfer the key-mark against the signature; to monitor the working condition of the vessel and auxiliary equipment; comply with the technological regime of the sterilization process; Control the sterilization phases according to the program and visually on the instruments; take appropriate measures in the event of emergency situations, up to the stopping of autoclaves; do not leave without supervision the autoclaves in operation; check the blocking devices for serviceability; at least once a shift check gauges, valves, liquid level indicators; about all malfunctions and changes to make entries in the journal.

Question 2. Requirements for valves installed on vessels.

The number, type and location of the valve installation is set in accordance with the project. Locking and shut-off valves should be installed on the fittings that are directly connected to the vessel, or on pipelines leading to the vessel and removing the working medium from it. In the case of a series connection of several vessels, the need to install such an armature between them is determined by the project developer.

The valve must have the following markings:

name or trademark of the manufacturer; conditional pass, mm; conditional pressure, MPa (it is allowed to indicate working pressure and permissible temperature); direction of flow of the medium; brand of the material of the body; On the flywheel of the shut-off valve, the direction of its rotation should be indicated when opening or closing the valve. fittings with conditional passage more than 20 mm, made of alloy steel or non-ferrous metals, must have a passport (certificate); the reinforcement must be numbered according to the scheme; The reinforcement must provide a density of overlap and a smooth running.

Question 3. What data should be applied to the vessel after issuing a permit for its operation.

Prior to the introduction of the vessel into operation, it must be registered with the State Technical Inspectorate with the assignment of a registration number to it, have a project expertise report, and pass an examination.
Permission for commissioning a vessel to be registered with the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia is issued by the inspector after his registration on the basis of a technical survey and verification of the organization of maintenance and supervision, under which:

job descriptions

Permission to put the vessel into service is recorded in his passport.
For each vessel after issuing a permit for its operation, it must be marked on a special plate with a format of at least 200 * 150 mm:

registration number; permissible pressure; date, month and year of the following external and internal inspections and hydraulic tests.

Question 4. Requirements for painting cylinders.

Painting of cylinders and inscriptions can be made with oil, enamel and nitro dyes. Painting is carried out:

when issued by the manufacturer; during operation - gas station.

The inscription is applied along the circumference by a length not less than 1/3 of the circumference. Color of the color, text and color of the inscription must comply with the requirements of the Rules.

PENALTIES AND PAINTS, NON-CASTING

Name of gas	Color of cylinders	Text of the inscription	Color of the inscription	Band Color
				Brown
				Brown
Acetylene		Acetylene
		Compressed air
Oxygen		Oxygen
Other flammable gases		Name of gas
Other non-combustible gases		Name of gas

"On the Approval of the Rules for the Arrangement and Safe Operation of Vessels,
working under pressure "

Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia decrees:
1. Approve the Rules for the Arrangement and Safe Operation of Pressure Vessels.
2. Direct the Rules for the Arrangement and Safe Operation of Pressure Vessels for State Registration with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.

Head of Gosgortechnadzor of Russia
V.M. Kulichev

RULES OF DEVICE AND SAFE OPERATION OF VESSELS,
WORKING UNDER PRESSURE

PB 03-576-03

The rules for the construction and safe operation of pressure vessels establish requirements for the design, construction, manufacture of refurbishment, adjustment, installation, repair, technical diagnostics and operation of vessels, tanks, barrels, cylinders, pressure chambers operating under pressure.
In preparing this edition of the Rules, the comments and proposals of ministries, departments, research institutes, industrial enterprises and other interested organizations.

I. General Provisions

1.1. Scope and purpose of the Rules

1.1.1. Rules for the construction and safe operation of pressure vessels (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) establish requirements for the design, installation, manufacturing, reconstruction, adjustment, installation, repair, technical diagnostics and operation of vessels, tanks, barrels, cylinders, pressure chambers operating under pressure with excess pressure (1).
Requirements for installation and repair are similar to the requirements for the manufacture of vessels.
1.1.2. The rules apply to:
vessels operating under water pressure with a temperature above 115 ° C or other non-toxic, non-flammable liquids at a temperature exceeding the boiling point at a pressure of 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm2);
vessels operating under the pressure of steam, gas or toxic explosive and fire hazardous liquids above 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm2);
cylinders intended for transportation and storage of compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases at a pressure of more than 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm2);
cisterns and barrels for transportation and storage of compressed and liquefied gases, whose vapor pressure at a temperature of up to 50 ° C exceeds the pressure of 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm2);
cisterns and vessels for the transport or storage of compressed, liquefied gases, liquids and solids in which a pressure above 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm2) is created periodically for their emptying;
altitude chambers.
1.1.3. The rules do not apply to:
vessels of nuclear power plants, as well as vessels operating with a radioactive medium;
vessels of a capacity not exceeding 0.025 m3 (25 L), regardless of pressure, used for scientific and experimental purposes. When determining the capacity from the total capacity of the vessel, the volume occupied by the lining, pipes and other internal devices is excluded. A group of vessels, as well as vessels consisting of separate bodies and interconnected by pipes with an internal diameter of more than 100 mm, are considered as one vessel;
vessels and cylinders with a capacity of not more than 0.025 m3 (25 L), for which the product of pressure in MPa (kgf / cm2) per capacity in m3 (liters) does not exceed 0.02 (200);
vessels operating under pressure created by an explosion inside them in accordance with technological process or combustion in the regime of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis;
vessels operating under vacuum;
vessels installed on sea, river vessels and other floating facilities (except dredges);
vessels mounted on airplanes and other aircraft;
air tanks of brake equipment of rolling stock of railway transport, cars and other means of transportation;
special purpose vessels of the military department;
steam and water heating appliances;
tubular furnaces;
vessels consisting of pipes with an internal diameter of not more than 150 mm without collectors, and also with collectors made of pipes with an internal diameter of not more than 150 mm;
parts of machines that are not independent vessels (pump or turbine casing, cylinders of steam, hydraulic, air machines and compressors).

1.2. Design

1.2.1. Projects of vessels and their elements (including spare parts for them), as well as projects for their installation or reconstruction, must be carried out by specialized organizations.
1.2.2. Managers and specialists engaged in designing, manufacturing, reconstructing, installing, adjusting, repairing, diagnosing and operating vessels should be certified for knowledge of the Rules in accordance with the Regulations on the Procedure for the Preparation and Certification of Workers of Organizations Operating in the Area industrial safety hazardous industrial facilities controlled by the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia, approved by the Resolution of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia of 30.04.02 No. 21 and the registered Ministry of Justice of Russia on May 31, 2002, reg. No. 1706.
1.2.3. Projects and technical conditions for the manufacture of blood vessels must be agreed and approved in the prescribed manner.
Changes in the project and normative documents, the need for which may arise in the manufacture, reconstruction, installation, adjustment, repair or operation, must be agreed with the organization - the developer of the project and (or) the regulatory documentation (hereinafter referred to as ND) on the vessel. If this condition can not be met, it is allowed to coordinate changes in the project and ND with a specialized organization.
1.2.4. When designing vessels used in chemical industries, the requirements General rules industrial safety for organizations engaged in activities in the field of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities approved by Resolution of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia of 18.10.02, No. 61-A and registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 28.11.02 reg. No. 3968.
1.2.5. Deviation from the Rules can be allowed only in an exceptional case by permission of the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia. To obtain permission, it is necessary to submit to the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia an appropriate justification, and, if necessary, also the conclusion of a specialized or expert organization. A copy of the authorization to deviate from these Rules should be attached to the vessel's passport (Appendix 2).

1.3. Responsibility for violation of these Rules

The rules are binding for all officials, specialists, workers engaged in the design, manufacture, reconstruction, installation, adjustment, repair, technical diagnosis and operation of vessels. Persons who committed a violation of these Rules are liable in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

1.4. Procedure for investigating accidents and accidents

1.4.1. Investigation of accidents and accidents related to the operation of pressure vessels should be carried out in the manner established by the Gosgortechnadzor of Russia.
1.4.2. Every owner of the Gosgortechnadzor and other organizations, in accordance with the procedure established by the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, must notify each owner of an accident, death or group accident related to the maintenance of blood pressure vessels registered with Gosgortechnadzor.
1.4.3. Before the arrival of the representative of the Russian Gosgortechnadzor to investigate the circumstances and causes of the accident or accident, the administration of the organization must ensure the safety of the entire accident (accident) situation, if this does not pose a danger to people's lives and does not cause the further development of the accident.

II. Vessel design

2.1. General requirements

2.1.1. The design of the receptacles shall ensure the reliability and safety of operation during the estimated service life and provide for the possibility of technical inspection, cleaning, washing, complete emptying, purging, repair, operational control of the metal and joints.
2.1.2. For each vessel, the estimated service life must be set and indicated in the passport, taking into account the operating conditions.
2.1.3. Devices preventing the external and internal examination of vessels (mixers, coils, shirts, plates, partitions and other devices) should, as a rule, be removable.
When using welded devices, it shall be possible to remove them for external and internal inspections and subsequent installation into place. The procedure for the removal and installation of these devices should be specified in the vessel's operation manual.
2.1.4. If the design of the vessel does not allow external and internal inspections or hydraulic testing as required by the requirements of the Rules, the developer of the vessel design in the operating manual should indicate the methodology, frequency and scope of control, the implementation of which will ensure the timely identification and elimination of defects. In the absence of such instructions in the manual, the methodology, frequency and scope of control are determined by the specialized organization.
2.1.5. Constructions internal devices should ensure the removal of air from the hydraulic test and water after a hydraulic test.
2.1.6. Vessels must have a connection for filling and draining water, as well as for removing air during a hydraulic test.
2.1.7. Each valve shall be provided with a valve, tap or other device that allows monitoring of the absence of pressure in the vessel before opening it; the diversion of the medium must be directed to a safe place.
2.1.8. Calculation of the strength of vessels and their elements should be made according to ND, agreed with Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia. Vessels designed to work under conditions of cyclic and alternating loads must be designed for strength, taking these loads into account.
In the absence of a normative method, strength calculation should be performed according to a methodology agreed with a specialized research organization.
2.1.9. Vessels, which in the process of operation change their position in space, must have devices preventing their self-overturning.
2.1.10. The design of vessels heated by hot gases should ensure reliable cooling of the walls under pressure to the design temperature.
2.1.11. To check the quality of the welding of the rings that strengthen the holes for manholes, hoses and fittings, there must be a threaded inspection hole in the ring, if it is welded from the outside, or in the wall, if the ring is welded from the inside of the vessel.
This requirement also applies to laths or other reinforcement elements to be welded from the outside to the body.
External blind elements (for example, lining) that do not work under pressure should have drainage holes in the lowest places.
2.1.12. Earthing and electrical equipment of vessels must comply with the rules technical operation electrical installations of consumers and safety regulations for the operation of electrical installations of consumers in accordance with the established procedure.

2.2. Hatches, hatches, covers

2.2.1. Vessels should be equipped with the necessary number of manholes and inspection hatches, providing inspection, cleaning and repair of vessels, as well as installation and dismantling of demountable internal devices.
Vessels consisting of a cylindrical body and grids with tubes fixed in them (heat exchangers), and vessels intended for transportation and storage of cryogenic liquids, as well as vessels designed to work with substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes in accordance with GOST 12.1. 007-76, but not causing corrosion and scale, may be manufactured without manholes and hatches irrespective of the diameter of the vessels, provided that the requirements of clause 2.1.4 of the Regulations are met.
2.2.2. Vessels with an internal diameter of more than 800 mm should have manholes, and with an internal diameter of 800 mm or less - hatches.
2.2.3. The inner diameter of the round hatches must be at least 400 mm. Dimensions of oval hatches along the smallest and largest axes in light should be not less than 325400 mm.
The inner diameter of the round or the smallest axis of the oval hatches should be at least 80 mm.
2.2.4. Hatchways, hatches must be placed in places accessible for maintenance. Requirements for the arrangement, arrangement and maintenance of observation windows in pressure chambers are determined by the design organization and are specified in the installation and operating instructions of the manufacturer.
2.2.5. Manhole covers must be removable. Welded caps are allowed on vessels isolated on a vacuum basis.
2.2.6. Lids weighing more than 20 kg should be equipped with lifting and rotating or other devices to open and close them.
2.2.7. The design of hinged or tilting or plug-in bolts, clamps, and clamping devices for manholes, covers and their flanges should prevent their spontaneous displacement.
2.2.8. In the presence of fittings, flanged connectors, removable bottoms or covers on the vessels, the inner diameter of which is not less than specified for hatchways in clause 2.2.3 of the Rules providing for the possibility of carrying out an internal inspection, hatches are not provided for.

2.3. Bottom of vessels

2.3.1. Vessels are used in the vessels: elliptical, hemispherical, torosferic, spherical, unmalled, conical beads, tapered unbuttoned, flat flanged, flat not flared.
2.3.2. Elliptic bottoms should have the height of the convex part, measured along the inner surface, not less than 0.2 of the inner diameter of the bottom. It is allowed to reduce this value in agreement with a specialized research organization.
2.3.3. Torosferic (box) bottoms should have:
height of the convex part, measured along the inner surface, not less than 0.2 of the internal diameter;
internal flanging radius not less than 0,1 inner diameter of the bottom;
the inner radius of curvature of the central part is not more than the inner diameter of the bottom.
2.3.4. Spherical underscored bottoms can be used with welded flanges, while:
the inner radius of the bottom sphere should not be more than the inner diameter of the vessel;
the welded connection of the flange to the bottom is carried out with a continuous penetration.
2.3.5. In welded convex bottoms, with the exception of hemispherical bottoms, consisting of several parts with an arrangement welded seams on the chord, the distance from the axis of the weld to the center of the bottom should not be more than 1/5 of the inner diameter of the bottom.
Circular seams of convex bottoms should be located from the center of the bottom at a distance of not more than 1/3 of the inner diameter of the bottom.
2.3.6. Conical undressed bottoms should have a central angle of not more than 45 °. The central angle of the conical bottom can be increased by the conclusion of a specialized research organization for instrumentation.
2.3.7. Flat bottoms with an annular groove and a cylindrical part (bead), made by a mechanical boring, must be made of forgings. It is allowed to produce a flanged flat bottom from a sheet, if the flanging is done by stamping or rolling the edge of the sheet with a bend of 90 °.
2.3.8. For flanged and transitional elements of vessels, with the exception of convex bottoms, expansion joints and elongated necks for welding the fittings, the distance l from the beginning of the rounding of the flanged element to the flanged edge, depending on the thickness s of the flange wall, should be no less than indicated in table. 1.

Table 1

Wall thickness of bead
element s, mm Distance to the flanged edge l,
mm, not less than
Up to 5 15
More than 5 to 10 2s + 5
More than 10 to 20 s + 15
Over 20 to 150 s / 2 + 25
More than 150 100

2.4. Welds and their location

2.4.1. When welding shells and pipes, welding the bottoms to the shells, butt welds with full penetration should be used.
Welded connections are allowed in the Taurus and angled with full penetration to weld flat bottoms, flat flanges, tube grids, fittings, manholes, shirts.
The use of lap welds is allowed to weld reinforcing rings, support elements, underlays, underlay plates, stairs, brackets, etc. to the body.
2.4.2. The design clearance in the angular and T-welded joints is allowed in cases stipulated by the ND, agreed in accordance with the established procedure.
2.4.3. Welds must be accessible for inspection during the manufacture, installation and operation of vessels, as required by the Regulations, relevant standards and specifications.
2.4.4. The longitudinal seams of adjacent shells and the seams of the bottoms of the vessels must be displaced relative to each other by a value of three times the thickness of the thickest element, but not less than 100 mm between the seam axes.
These joints may not be displaced relative to each other in vessels designed to operate at a pressure of not more than 1.6 MPa (16 kgf / cm2) and a wall temperature not exceeding 400 ° С, with a nominal wall thickness of not more than 30 mm, provided that these seams are performed by automatic or electroslag welding and the joints are monitored by radiography or ultrasonic flaw detection in a volume of 100%.
2.4.5. When welding internal and external devices (supporting elements, plates, shirts, partitions, etc.) to the vessel body, these welded seams can be crossed with the seam welds of the case provided that the overlapped section of the welded joint is checked by radiographic inspection or ultrasonic flaw detection.
2.4.6. In the case of welding of supports or other elements to the vessel body, the distance between the edge of the welded seam of the vessel and the edge of the weld of the element shall be not less than the thickness of the wall of the vessel's shell, but not less than 20 mm.
For vessels made of carbonaceous and low-alloyed manganese and manganese-siliceous steels (Annex 3) subjected to heat treatment after welding, regardless of the thickness of the wall of the shell, the distance between the edge of the welded seam of the vessel and the edge of the weld of the element should be not less than 20 mm.
2.4.7. In horizontal vessels, local overlapping of the saddle supports of the ring (transverse) welds with a total length not exceeding 0.35  D is permissible, and in the presence of an underlay sheet, not more than 0.5D, where D is the outer diameter of the vessel. In this case, the overlapped sections of welds along the entire length should be checked by radiography or ultrasonic flaw detection. Overlapping the intersection of seams is not allowed.
2.4.8. In the butt welded joints of the elements of vessels with different wall thicknesses, a smooth transition from one element to another should be ensured by gradual thinning of the edge of a thicker element. The angle of inclination of the transition surfaces should not exceed 20 °.
If the difference in the thickness of the joined elements is not more than 30% of the thickness of the thin element and does not exceed 5 mm, then the use of welded seams without the preliminary thinning of the thick element is allowed. The shape of the seams should ensure a smooth transition from a thick element to a thin one.
When assembling a molded part with parts from pipes, rolled products or forgings, it is necessary to take into account that the nominal design thickness of the cast piece is 25-40% larger than the analogous calculated wall thickness of a pipe, rolled or forgings element, so the transition from a thick element to a thin one must be done in such a way so that the thickness of the end of the cast piece is not less than the calculated value.

2.5. Arrangement of holes in the walls of blood vessels

2.5.1. Holes for manholes, hatches and fittings should be located, as a rule, outside welded seams.
Allowed the location of the holes:
on the longitudinal seams of cylindrical and conical shells of vessels, if the nominal diameter of the holes is not more than 150 mm;
on the circumferential seams of cylindrical and conical shells of vessels without limitation of the diameter of the holes;
on the seams of convex bottoms without the restriction of the diameter of the holes provided 100% of the inspection of welded seams of the bottoms by radiography or ultrasonic flaw detection.
2.5.2. On the torosferic (box) bottoms, the holes can be located only within the central spherical segment. In this case, the distance from the center of the bottom to the outer edge of the hole, measured along the chord, should be no more than 0.4D (D is the outer diameter of the bottom).

In accordance with the Rules (PU and BE), almost all the tanks - devices assembled in the DPN workshops fall into this category. The exception is the capacity of the PLC, to / collectors, emergency and some others. The theme of "Vessel" is huge, therefore, I will simplify it lightly. (You definitely have to undergo an additional course of study and test it).

Under the category "C", containers with process pressure (excluding hydrostatic pressure) are above 0.07 MPa. In addition, such a pressure can be formed at T = 115 C *, or at a "theoretical possibility" - from the source of this pressure. If at you on a site mechanics somewhere do not change PPC, it does not mean that that not "With". Rules allow to protect the device from unacceptable pressure in another way.

I have no doubt that your instructions say something like this. Scheduled start-up and shutdown is carried out at the written instruction of the Responsible for the safe operation of this unit. (Sometimes, the right - "so command" is delegated to another person., And the corresponding entry in the Instruction on this should be.) In case of accident we stop (act) under the Plan of liquidation of possible accidents (SPVA). Actions are not coordinated, every minute is precious. And there is simply no time for it. All situations should be worked out in the exercises and exercises "According to SPVA".

Before starting, check by-pass presence, serviceability, completeness of shut-off, safety and control valves. Check that the drainage and check valves are closed. Check the instruments, test the systems, install protection and interlocks, and so on. Next stage. - Tell the subcontractors: "I'm starting." Press the device to operating pressure using the technology specified in the Instruction. Go around again and make sure there are no passes. Use the Startup Program, if it exists in the Instruction and there are no restrictions on this. Run the launch smoothlyand do not immediately load the unit into full mode. It is necessary to be convinced, that regulating systems cope with the tasks set by the Program. Again, in place, make sure that the readings of remote instruments and local control devices are in accordance. Report on the implementation and continue to monitor the situation until the unit is output to full mode. On the completion of work - report.

Scheduled stop is carried out, also at the coordination of this technological operation with those who are indicated in the Instruction, and "on the Team". You influence the whole technology.

Start-up, after repair or internal inspection It is conducted only in the presence of the Responsible, and - also control its actions. After repair, by the way, press (must) with water.

The launch and shutdown of vehicles at our hazardous facilities must first of all be viewed from the standpoint of human security and production, and only then - technological "delights".

All vessels are designed and manufactured by special organizations (factories) licensed (permit). The design (Project) takes into account the operating mode during the estimated period. + Ability to carry out inspection, cleaning, washing, full emptying, purging, repair, operation of control of metal and joints. All of them have a Passport. And all that inside prevents the internal inspection (mixers, partitions, "plates", "shirts", coils, etc.), as a rule, should be removable. A valve or a tap must be provided to connect the pressure gauge. The drainage device must ensure the complete discharge of the device from the liquid. All vessels are calculated for strength. Tested in the factory and after installation. Do not self-defect.

Earthing - must correspond to "PUE" - it must be. Hatches are mandatory, (although there are "exceptions"). - If the inner diameter is greater than 800 mm, the hatches are mandatory. - Manhole covers - removable. Hatch for manholes outside welded seams.

- Manufacture is possible from metalloplastika and other metal materials (Modern Projects).

- Each vessel from the factory is supplied with a Passport of the established form with the attached Installation and Operating Instructions. On the body - a plate (GOST), where the following data are applied. Who made (trademark); name or designation; production serial number; year; "P" is a slave. (MPa); "Р" - calculated; "P" - trial. The maximum permissible temperature or the (minimum) operating temperature of the wall; weight (kg). Based on the factory passport and local technology, an Instruction for safe operation of all tanks (separators, settling tanks, buffer tanks, etc.) is prepared for each facility. They indicate the sequence of your actions when starting, stopping, operating and preparing for repair.

To control operation and ensure safe operating conditions All vessels are equipped with: shut-off or shut-off valves; devices - "Р"; devices - "t"; safety devices; level indicators. "All" is installed: either on fittings, or on pipelines with flange connectors.

On the valve - marking - the name or trademark of the manufacturer; conditional pass (mm); condition pressure (MPa) or operating pressure; + flow direction of the medium + brand of the material of the shell. The direction of its rotation ("opening", "closing") is indicated on the flywheel of the stop valve.

Vessels for explosive, flammable substances or heaters with firing or gas heating must have on the supply line from the pump or compressor a non-return valve automatically closed by pressure from the vessel. Check Valve put between the pumps (compressor) and the valve shut-off valve. The armature must have its own passport.

All vessels are equipped with a direct-acting manometer on the junction of the vessel, or to a stop valve with accuracy class = 2.5 or 1.5 and scale P-slave. - in the second third of the scale. Drainage device, + ladders, service areas, transitional areas. The foundation, supports: lodgements - in accordance with the "geometry" of the vessel. One support is "sliding".

Operators servicing technological devices falling under the category: "Pressure vessel", annually pass an examination for knowledge of the "Instruction for Safe Operation of Vessels", which must be prepared for your specific production, for your technology, but on the basis of the "Rules for the Device and safe operation of pressure vessels ".

« Vessels "is a huge topic. And "your" Instruction, this is "your" amount of work on the installation. Naturally, the peculiarities of this technology are taken into account, as well as the specificity of your devices. Let me remind you that each "Vessel" must have a factory and technical Passport, Master, Scheme, Instruction for safe operation. TO and PPR on the Graph.

Work vessels operating under pressure. Rules for the construction and safe operation of pressure vessels

Question 2. In what cases is an extraordinary examination of knowledge carried out by personnel serving vessels operating under pressure.

Question 3. Obligations of the staff when accepting and handing over the shift.

Question 4. First aid for burns.

Ticket # 2

Question 1. Requirements for shut-off and shut-off valves.

Question 2. Requirements for welders who have the right to carry out welding operations of the vessel and its elements.

Question 3. Obligations of maintenance personnel when servicing the pressure vessel.

Question 4. Actions of maintenance personnel in case of a fire in the room.

Ticket # 3

Question 1. Procedure for admission of personnel to vessel maintenance.

Question 2. Cases of emergency stop of blood vessels.

Question 3. The requirements of the rules for pressure gauges installed on vessels.

Question 4. Responsibility for violation of the production instruction.

Ticket # 4

Question 1. Requirements for Safety Valves (PCs) installed on vessels.

Question 2. Emergency shutdown procedure for a pressure vessel.

Question 3. The requirements of the Rules for warehouses for storage of cylinders.

Question 4. First aid for chemical burns.

Ticket number 5

Question 2. Requirements for plugs installed on the off-line section of the pipeline during its repair.

Question 3. Requirements for liquid level indicators (FSW)

Question 4. What data should be stamped on the spherical part of each cylinder.

Ticket # 6

Question 1. Purpose and location of the three-way valve.

Question 2. The order of performance of work when removing the vessel for repair.

Question 3. Personnel actions with increasing pressure inside the vessel.

Question 4. Safety precautions when transporting cylinders.

Ticket # 7

Question 1. Procedure for authorization to put the vessel into operation.

Question 3. Purpose and location of the siphon tube.

Question 4. Which cylinders are prohibited to be filled with gas.

Ticket number 8

Question 1. Types and terms of technical inspection of vessels.

Question 2. Requirements for the instruction on the mode of operation and safe maintenance of blood vessels.

Question 3. In which cases are manometers not allowed for use.

Ticket number 9

Question 1. Procedure for launching the vessel into operation.

Question 2. Obligations of maintenance personnel when servicing the pressure vessel.

Question 3. What data should be plotted on the spherical part of the pressure vessel.

Question 4. The operator's actions in the event of an accident.

Ticket number 10

Question 1. Procedure for hydraulic testing of vessels.

Question 2. Responsibility of the operating personnel for violation of the requirements of instructions on the operating regime and safe maintenance of blood vessels.

Question 3. Who can be allowed to perform welding work during the repair of pressure vessels.

Question 4. First aid in case of electric shock.

Ticket number 11

Question 1. Procedure for stopping the pressure vessel.

Question 2. What are the requirements for the installation of fluid level indicators on vessels.

Question 3. Who can be allowed to operate the vessels.

Question 4. The design of the safety valves used.

Ticket number 12

Question 1. Obligations of the operator during the maintenance of pressure vessels.

Question 2. Requirements for valves installed on vessels.

Question 3. What data should be applied to the vessel after issuing a permit for its operation.

Question 4. Requirements for painting cylinders.

PENALTIES AND PAINTS, NON-CASTING

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