Approximate power of household electrical appliances in kW. Self-selection of the wire section for electrical wiring
Our modern society does not represent its life without electricity. It is firmly entrenched in the daily and productive life of a man of the twenty-first century.
Electricity is used not only for lighting streets, apartment buildings and other premises. Today, electricity is needed to power the phone, computer, TV and many other household appliances in our homes, which greatly facilitate the life of modern people.
Many house owners use electricity for heating, although this is not the cheapest kind of heating, but it is reliable enough and easy to operate.
As people in the past, and modern society can not exist without electricity. Every year, scientists are developing all new technologies that need power. Of course, today the electric current is used more widely than before. But after several decades, its consumption has increased several times. So, for example, if 10 or 10 years ago there was enough 1.5 - 2 kW of electricity for a house or apartment, today this figure has grown to 15 kW, almost 10 times.
Let's try to figure out how many kilowatts are needed for the house at the moment.
Consumers of electricity in the house
In the resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 334 "On the improvement of the procedure for technical connection of consumers to electric grids" of 21.04.2009, it is said that an individual can connect up to 15 kW to his home. Based on this figure, we will do the calculation, and enough for us how many kilowatts for the house. To make a calculation you need to know how much electricity each electrical appliance consumes in the house.
Approximate figures of electricity consumption are given in the table of power of household electrical appliances. The energy consumption depends on the power of the devices and the frequency of their use.
| Electrical appliance | Power consumption, W |
| Appliances | |
| Electric kettle | 900-2200 |
| Coffee machine | 1000-1200 |
| Toaster | 700-1500 |
| Dishwasher | 1800–2750 |
| Electric stove | 1900–4500 |
| Microwave oven | 800–1200 |
| Electric meat grinder | 700–1500 |
| Fridge | 300–800 |
| Radio | 20–50 |
| TV | 70–350 |
| Music Center | 200–500 |
| A computer | 300–600 |
| Oven | 1100–2500 |
| Electric lamp | 10–150 |
| Iron | 700–1700 |
| Air Purifier | 50–300 |
| Heaters | 1000–2500 |
| A vacuum cleaner | 500–2100 |
| Boiler | 1100–2000 |
| Flowing water heater | 4000–6500 |
| Hairdryer | 500–2100 |
| Washing machine | 1800–2700 |
| Air conditioning | 1400–3100 |
| Fan | 20–200 |
| Power Tools | |
| Drill | 500–1800 |
| Hammer drill | 700–2200 |
| Saw disk | 700–1900 |
| Electric shovel | 500– 900 |
| Electric jigsaw | 350– 750 |
| Grinding machine | 900–2200 |
| A circular saw | 850–1600 |
Let's make a small calculation based on the data of the table of power consumption of household electrical appliances. For example, in our house there will be a minimum set of electrical appliances: lighting (150 W), refrigerator (500 W), microwave (1000 W), washing machine (2000 W), TV (200 W), computer (500 W), iron (1200 W), a vacuum cleaner (1200 W), a dishwasher (2000 W). In total, these devices will consume 8750 watts, and given that these devices are switched on at once almost never will be, the power can be divided in half.
The main consumers electric current in homes, are lighting, cooking, heating and hot water.
In the cold period, it is important to pay attention to. Electric heating in the house, can be of several types:
- water (batteries and boiler);
- purely electric (convector, warm floor);
- combined (floor heating, batteries and boiler).
Let's look at options electric heating and electricity consumption.
- Heating with the help of a boiler. If the installation of an electric boiler is planned, then the choice should fall on a three-phase boiler. The boiler system equally divides the electrical load into phases. Manufacturers produce boilers with different capacities. To properly select it you can make a simple calculation, the area of the house is divided by 10. For example, if the house has an area of 120 m2, then for heating you need a boiler with a capacity of 12 kW. To save on electricity you need to set a two-tariff mode of using electricity. Then at night the boiler will work at an economical rate. Also in addition to the electric boiler it is necessary to install, which at night will accumulate warm water, and in the afternoon to distribute to the heating appliances.
- Convector heating. As a rule, the convector is installed under the windows and connected directly to the outlet. Their number should correspond to the presence of windows in the room. Specialists recommend to calculate the total amount, for the power consumption of all heating appliances and equally distribute it in all three phases. For example, to the first one you can connect the heating of one floor. To another phase, the whole second floor. To the third phase, connect the kitchen and the bathroom. Today convectors have advanced functions. So you can set the desired temperature and choose the time for heating. To save, you can set the time and date of the convector. The device is equipped with the possibility of a "multi-tariff", which includes a heater, at the right capacity or at a reduced rate (after 23-00 and up to 8-00). Calculation of energy for convectors is similar to the boiler in the previous paragraph.
- Heating with underfloor heating. Very convenient option of heating, as it is possible to set the desired temperature for each room. In the place of installation of furniture, a refrigerator, and also a bathroom, it is not recommended to install a warm floor. As calculations show, a house of 90 m2 with an installed convector and a warm floor, on one floor, consumes 5.5 to 9 kW of electricity.
To date, there are many options for saving electricity. These methods are very simple, but they need to be used every day. Reducing electricity consumption will not only save the family budget, but will also reduce emissions to the environment.
Simple and time-tested methods of economy
- Application of energy-saving light bulbs. Such lamps are practically not heated, so the energy costs go only to lighting. The average lifetime of such lamps is up to 3 years, and this will significantly save costs. Such lamps consume 5 times less electricity, their service life is 10 times longer and pay off after 1 year.
- Using household appliances, it is important to follow the instructions. Take, for example, a refrigerator. It can not be placed near a plate or battery, since the device will need to work smoothly to maintain the necessary temperature. The same applies to the moment when hot food is put. It is important not to forget to defrost the refrigerator in a timely manner, since the ice in the freezer contributes to a large expenditure of electricity (up to 20%).
- When you leave the room, do not forget to turn off the light. Such advice is the most effective way to save electricity.
- Clean the bulbs in a timely manner. At first glance, such advice seems ridiculous. But few people know that dust can drown out up to 15% of the world. It is important not to forget about the purity of the plafonds. You can use lamps of lower power.
- Make small cosmetic repairs indoors. When choosing wallpaper, you should pay attention to light shades, as they are able to make the room lighter and more comfortable by 80%. Do not forget about the ceiling, it should be made white. This way you will rarely include lighting.
- Application of heat reflecting screens. They are made from foil or penofol. They should be installed for the battery. Thanks to such screens, the temperature in the room can be raised by several degrees.
- Heat insulation of the room. It is necessary to insulate windows or replace them with metal-plastic ones. Through the windows, heat can be lost up to 30%. On the windows, hang tight curtains. If possible, you need to insulate the entrance doors, and in the house walls, floors, floors and roofing.
- Acquisition of household appliances class "A", "A +" and "A ++" it can save up to 50% of electricity.
- It is not recommended to leave the instruments in standby mode. Any technique, a person enjoys only a few hours, during the day. All the remaining time it, in the "waiting" mode, and little by little absorbs electricity. For economy, it is necessary to switch off the devices from the mains.
And so, we already know how many kilowatts it takes for a house. Let's sum it up. From the above described it follows that if economically to use electricity, then we can fully invest in 15 kW, and for a small house it will be enough even for heating. Then the whole family will feel comfortable in their cozy nest.
Many families use electric cookers in their kitchens. For some it is convenient, some are afraid to use gas, well, for the majority this is a compulsory necessity, due to the lack of gas. Let's understand, how much electricity does an electric stove use?
The choice of electric stoves today is huge and it is constantly replenished with new models from many manufacturers. There are tiles of one, two, three and four hotplates. There are more, but it is more exclusive than an affordable choice. The technology of electric cookers today also does not stand still and is constantly being improved! Therefore, we will not focus on certain technologies or models of electric stoves, this makes no sense. At the same time, any electric stove working on any technology, regardless of the model and the manufacturer, consumes a lot of electricity! The consumption is calculated in several kW per hour of operation! On average, one burner consumes about 1.5 kW of electricity per hour of operation. The oven of an electric stove consumes about 3-4 kW of electricity per hour on average. Not all of our networks will be able to withstand such a load, so in most cases for an electric stove pull a separate outlet with a separate fuse. By voltage, electric stoves can be fed from 220 Volts and from 380 V. It should be noted that it is not recommended to include several burners in the electric stove in order to avoid overloads electrical networks - it is better not to simultaneously use more than 2 burners or a separate oven.
After a short calculation it can be concluded that no electric cooker is suitable, since they are all serious energy consumers. Electric stove can only be considered if there is no gas in your house. In this case, your house must stand! Of course, this is all relevant only if you can count your money.
Buying an electric stove, you should be prepared for the fact that it will require a huge amount of electricity. This device, in comparison with other household devices, has the highest power. For this reason, the installation of such a plate requires separate sockets and lines. For houses where there is no gas equipment, and only electric plates are used, preferential tariffs for electricity are established. So, what is the standard power of an electric cooker?
Electric stove with two cast iron heating elements most often has a power of 2000W, and a similar device with 4 elements - from 5000W. If the four camphor plates have an induction heating principle, then the value will start from 10400 W. Naturally, the greater the number of heating and other functional elements, the greater the indicator of electricity consumption.
When choosing a device, it is worth remembering that the power of the electric cooker also affects the speed of heating the burners.
A separate place among electric stoves is given to devices with induction heating elements. Such equipment has great power and cost. But if it is used correctly, the cost of electricity will be less. This is due to the fact that:
- heating is very rapid;
- heating is switched off automatically when the dishes are removed;
- special dishes do not allow heat loss.
Dependence of power and energy consumption
Each owner wants to know how much power his device consumes based on its functionality. A conventional electric stove, which has four cast-iron plates, consumes on average about 4 to 8 kilowatts per hour. But this figure is calculated on the condition that all the burners are working together, respectively, if only one is turned on, the consumption is significantly reduced.
Each hostess should remember that with proper use electrical appliance can significantly save energy consumption. Adhering to some rules, this is easy to do:
- so as not to lose excess heat, the diameters of the cooking zone and the pan should match as much as possible;
- smooth bottom of the dishes improves heat transfer;
- cast iron burners can be switched off a little earlier, because they cool for a long time, respectively, cooking continues after disconnection.
The choice of dishes with the same diameter of the ring
Also, to achieve maximum savings, it is worth knowing the power of individual functional elements of the device. Below are the approximate values of this indicator of the main components of the slab:
- a ring with a diameter of up to 14.5 cm - 1 kW;
- heating element with a diameter of 18 cm -1.5 kW;
- electric hob with a diameter of 20 cm - 2 kW;
- lighting - 15-20 W;
- TEN on the grill - 1,5 kW;
- Lower heating element - 1 kW;
- Heating element from above - 0,8 kW;
- the engine on the spit is 6 watts.
It is easy to come to the conclusion that the most energy of an electric stove consumes when it works large burner, but do not forget that the cooking process on it is accelerating and passes much faster.
Energy Classes
Each manufacturer tries to improve the competitiveness of its products. Therefore, they tend to minimize energy consumption. Electric stoves, like any appliances, are divided into classes for electricity consumption. The designation is carried out in Latin letters from A to G, starting from the highest one. Today you can see the following notation: A ++ or A +++. This means that energy consumption is higher than class A.
The class depends on the volume of energy consumption when reaching the set temperatures. Most of the energy consumed by the oven, but with improved insulation, which will reduce heat loss, significant savings are achieved.
Network Connection Features
When installing an electric cooker it is necessary to take into account its high power, therefore it is necessary to adhere to certain rules. To carry out the installation of such a device, you will need:
- power socket at 32A;
- an input automaton greater than or equal to 32A;
- a three-core copper cable that has double insulation and a cross section of more than 4 sq. mm;
- RCD is not less than 32A.
Not to happen overheating of contacts, each wiring element must be executed in a quality manner in compliance with safety regulations and installation instructions.
According to experts, the power consumption of the cooker not only depends on the characteristics of the device itself, but more on the conditions of use.
How to calculate the wire cross section.
The more water you need, the larger diameter you need the pipe, and for the current. The greater the current consumption of electrical appliances, the greater the cross-section of conductors in the cable.
What is the wire cross-section and how to calculate it? If you snack a wire and look at it from the end, you will see a wire vein, here is the square of the end of this vein, that is, the area of the circle and is the cross-section of the wire. The larger the diameter of the circle, the greater the cross-section of the wire and, consequently, the wire is capable of heating up to an allowable temperature, to transmit a larger current.
Self-selection of the wire section for electrical wiring
To select the section of conductors of the cable wire, it is necessary to analyze the fleet of available electrical appliances in terms of their simultaneous use. The table shows a list of popular household electrical appliances with indication of the current consumption depending on the power. You can find out the power consumption of your models yourself from labels on the products or passports, often the parameters indicate on the package.
How to convert watts to kilowatts
For powerful electrical appliances, such as an electric stove or a vacuum cleaner, the power can indicate both in and in kilowatts (in short, kW). For light bulbs that consume little power, usually the power consumption is indicated in watts. What is the difference between W and kW? Everything is simple, just like with weight designation. Everyone knows the difference in magnitude of one gram from one kilogram, a kilogram in 1000 times more than one gram. Similarly, in electrical engineering. One kilowatt is more than 1000 times one watt. To distinguish the watts and kilowatts with the symbol, before the letter W, they write the letter-prefix "k". As you can see, translating watts into kilowatts and vice versa is quite simple. 1 kW = 1000 W, and 1 W = 0.001 kW.
Table of power and current consumption by household electrical appliances with a supply voltage of 220 V
The current is still consumed by the refrigerator, lighting devices, radiotelephone, chargers, TV in the duty and working condition. But this is not a lot and can be ignored in the calculations. If you turn on all the listed electrical appliances at the same time, you will need to select the wire cross section that can pass the current of 160 A. The wire will be required to be thick in the finger! But such a case is unlikely. It is hard to imagine that someone is able to grind meat, iron, vacuum and dry hair at the same time. Although when the family is big, this is possible.
Example calculation. You got up in the morning, turned on the electric kettle, microwave, toaster and coffee maker. The current consumption will be 7 A + 8 A + 3 A + 4 A = 22 A. Accordingly, if the lighting, the refrigerator and in addition, for example, the TV, the current consumed can reach 25 A.
The current consumption of electrical appliances from the network of 220 V, depending on their capacity.
In order to determine the total current consumed by all electrical appliances, it is necessary to compile a list of electrical devices planned for connection, to find out how much power each of them consumes separately, according to the table of the dependence of the amount of current consumed from the power, to determine the current consumption of each device. Add all the values of the consumed currents together, as a result, the total current consumed will be obtained.
You can independently determine the current consumption of any electrical appliance by a simple formula. It is necessary to divide the power consumed by the electrical appliance into the mains voltage (220 V). For example, power washing machine the passport is 2000 watts. Divide 2000 by 220 and determine that the maximum current that the washing machine will consume during operation is 9.09 A.
You can determine the total current consumption of all electrical appliances by calculation. It is enough to add together the power consumption of each of them and divide the result by 220.
The current consumption of electrical appliances from the vehicle's on-board network of 12 V, depending on their capacity.
When repairing the on-board power supply of the car or installing additional electrical equipment, it is also necessary to select the wire of the required cross-section, depending on the power consumption of the electrical equipment. When replacing the failed wires, it is first necessary to determine their cross-section and replace them with wires of the same type and section. If the cross-section of the new wire is larger than that of the earlier one, it will only be better. When installing additional electrical equipment, you need to select the wire cross-section, depending on the current consumed by the appliance. .
You can independently determine the current consumption of any electrical appliance by a simple formula. It is necessary to divide the power consumed by the electrical appliance into the voltage of the on-board network (12 V). For example, the power of a headlight bulb, included in the driving mode, according to the passport is 100 watts. Divide 100 watts into 12 volts and determine that the maximum current that one headlight included in the driving mode will consume is 8.4 amps.
Table for the selection of the cross-section of the copper and aluminum conductor wires, depending on the amount of current consumed
An example of applying the table in practice. Suppose you need to connect a washing machine with a power of 4000 watts, consuming a current of 18 A. In the table there is no column with a current value of 18 A, so we take the data from the next larger value, that is 20 A. For this load, a wire with a cross section of 3.3 mm2 (diameter 2.05 mm). From the table below that corresponds to the standard cross-sections of the conductors of their wires, we select a wire with a standard cross-section of 4.0 mm2 for connecting the washing machine. When choosing a simple rule, the larger the cross-section of the wire, the better, and therefore round up the number you need to the big side.
If there is a wire smaller than necessary, the cross-section, then you can make the wiring from two or more wires, connecting them in parallel. The main thing is that the sum of the cross sections of each of them is not less than the calculated one. For example, there are three wires with a cross section of 2, 3 and 5 mm2, but 10 mm2 is needed. Connect them all in parallel, and the wiring will withstand current of up to 50 amperes. Yes, you yourself have seen many times parallel connection more thin conductors for transferring large currents. For example, a current of up to 150 A is used for welding and a flexible wire is needed to enable the welder to control the electrode. It is made of hundreds of parallel connected thin copper wires. In the car, the battery is also connected to the on-board network using the same flexible multi-wire cable, since during start-up of the engine the starter consumes from the battery current up to 100 A. And when installing and removing the battery, wires must be taken aside, that is, the wire must be flexible enough .
Wire section selection for electrical appliances
to three-phase 380 V network
With the operation of electrical appliances, for example, an electric motor connected to a three-phase network, the current consumed does not flow by two wires, but by three and, consequently, the value of the current flowing in each individual wire is slightly less. This makes it possible to use a smaller cross-section wire for connecting electrical appliances to a three-phase network.
To connect electrical appliances to a three-phase network with a voltage of 380 V, for example an electric motor, the cross-section of the wire for each phase is taken to be 1.75 times less than for connection to the 220 V network. For example, it is necessary to connect an electric motor with a power of 20 kW. The total current consumption of an electric motor of this power in three phases will be 52 A. According to the table it turns out that a wire with a cross section of 8.4 mm2 is required, taking into account the above 8.4 / 1.75 = 4.8 mm2. Therefore, to connect an electric motor with a power of 20 kW to a three-phase 380 V network, a copper three-core cable with a cross-section of each core of 4.8 mm2 is needed.
In long-built houses electrical wiring, as a rule, is made of aluminum wires. And despite the elapsed time, the electrical wiring from aluminum continues to serve and will still work for several decades. If the connections in the junction boxes are correctly made, the service life aluminum wiring can be a hundred years. Aluminum is practically not oxidized, and the service life of the electrical wiring will be determined only by the service life of the plastic insulation and the reliability of the contacts in the connection points.
In case of connection of additional power-consuming electrical appliances in an apartment with aluminum wiring, it is necessary to determine by its cross-section or the diameter of the conductors that it can withstand additional power. The table below is easy to do.
If you have wiring in the apartment made of aluminum wires and there was a need to connect again installed outlet at junction box copper wires, this connection is made in accordance with the recommendations of the article Connecting aluminum wires.
On the choice of cable brand for home electrical wiring
At first glance it seems to be cheaper to make an apartment wiring from aluminum wires, but the operating costs due to the low reliability of contacts with time will many times exceed the cost of wiring from copper. I recommend posting only from copper wires! Aluminum wires are indispensable when laying an air wiring, because they are light and cheap and with the right mix serve for a long time.
And which wire is best used for wiring, single-core or multi-core? From the point of view of the ability to conduct current per unit cross-section and mounting, single-core is better. So for household wiring, only single-core wire should be used. Stranded allows multiple bends, and the thinner the conductors in it, the more flexible and durable it is. Therefore, a stranded wire is used to connect non-stationary electrical appliances to an electrical system, such as an electric, an electric shaver, an electric iron, and all the others.
After making a decision on the cross-section of the wire, the question arises as to the mark of the cable for the electrical wiring. Here the choice is not great and is represented by only a few brands of cables: PNPP, VVGng and NYM.
Cable PUNP since 1990, in accordance with the decision of Glavgosenergonadzor "On the prohibition of the use of wires type APVN, PPBN, PEN, PPPP, etc., produced by TU 16-505. 610-74 instead of wires АПВ, АППВ, ПВ and ППВ according to GOST 6323-79 * "to application is forbidden.
Cable ВВГ and ВВГнг - copper wires in double PVC insulation, flat shape. Designed for operation at an ambient temperature of -50 ° C to + 50 ° C, for wiring inside buildings, on open air, in the ground when laying in tubes. Service life up to 30 years. The letters "ng" in the brand designation indicate the incombustibility of the wire insulation. Two-, three- and four-core wires with cross-section of conductors from 1.5 to 35.0 mm2 are produced. If in the designation of the cable in front of the VVG is the letter A (ABVG), the wires in the wire are aluminum. 
The NYM cable (its Russian analogue - VVG cable), with copper conductors, round shape, with non-flammable insulation, corresponds to the German standard VDE 0250. Specifications and the field of application is almost identical with the VVG cable. Two-, three- and four-core wires with cross-section of veins from 1.5 to 4.0 mm2 are produced. 
As you can see, the choice for wiring is not great and is determined depending on which form of cable is more suitable for mounting, round or flat. A round-shaped cable is more conveniently laid through walls, especially if you are entering from the street into the room. You will need to drill a hole a bit more than the diameter of the cable, and with a larger wall thickness this becomes actual. For internal wiring, it is more convenient to use a flat VVG cable.
To date, not all regions of our country have been gasified, so cooking on the electric stove is very common. When purchasing the product for the consumer, both the functionality and the energy efficiency of the plate are equally important, since it is the main consumer of electricity in an apartment or a private house.
Economical electric cookers, how to determine their power consumption
The level of energy consumption of the cooker directly depends on its type. Today there are two main types of electric stoves:
- classical, in which surface heating is carried out by conventional tubular energy heaters (tenes),
- induction, which works by inducing eddy currents generated by a high-frequency magnetic field (from 20 to 100 kHz).
There are also combined devices in which a part of the burners contains the fans, and some work on an induction principle.
Electric stoves still differ in a number of indicators:
- type of surface material (cast iron pancakes, open spiral or glass-ceramic),
- control (sensory or mechanical),
- power supply (single-phase or three-phase).
The electric stove is a powerful appliance, each burner consumes 1.5-2 kW / h, the oven - 3-4 kW / h. Current strength reaches 50A. Therefore, before buying a plate, you should make sure that the electrical wiring in the house is able to withstand such a load. In case of doubt, it is better to stretch a separate cable and install a separate outlet with a safety lock. Also, a two-rate electricity meter will not be superfluous.
If we compare the "classic" and "induction" devices in terms of electricity consumption, then the induction cooker is more profitable. Gas is more economical than any electric one, but it can not always be installed for objective reasons (the absence of a nearby gas main to which you can connect or the high cost of connection).
Induction devices are a future that began today. The principle of their work allows you to heat not the hotplate, but directly the bottom of the installed dishes, from which the working surface can already be heated, but usually no more than up to 60 degrees. Food under such conditions is prepared much faster, heat losses tend to a minimum, the glass ceramic surface does not heat the air in the kitchen.
Economical plate, myths and prejudices
Despite the effectiveness of the induction cookers confirmed by studies and long practice, some people continue to distrust them. There are many different prejudices that cause potential consumers questions. Let's consider some of them.
- A magnetic field is harmful to health. Investigations of the magnetic field strength of an induction electric stove and conventional electrofen have shown that this indicator in a hair dryer is 90 times higher than that of a cooking surface. And this does not prevent women from regularly drying their hair with a hairdryer.
- For induction cookers, you need to buy special expensive dishes. This is not true, as many old pots (enameled and aluminum) have the ferromagnetic properties necessary for the induction process. To check if the cookware is suitable for such a plate, you just need to bring the magnet to the bottom of the pan, if the magnet sticks, then it fits.
- Each metal object on the glass ceramic surface will be heated. In fact, there are a number of systems that protect against this development of events, the main principle of which is: "no dishes - no induction."
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