The root-mean-square value depends on the peak value and shape of the waveform. The value can also be determined graphically by the method of counting surfaces. The square root is taken from the value defined in this way. The following figures show examples for determining the rms value of non-informational periodic signals.

For a signal of a rectangle symmetric to the zero axis, the result is obtained by the following consideration. The voltage polarity and the resulting current are indifferent to the power converted during the resistance. In this rectangular signal, the absolute voltage value is always present. This value is equal to the derived rms value. The following example of a square-wave mixing voltage provides the same rms value as a sinusoidal voltage symmetric to the zero axis.

The triangular signal can be divided into separate sections of functions with positive and negative slopes. In the case of a symmetrical triangle, the individual parts of the surface are the same. This can be seen from the course of the curve, but it can also be shown by certain integrals. Therefore, to calculate the root-mean-square value, it is necessary to integrate through the first section of the curve and multiply by 4.

Crest factor or crest factor

The following conclusions show that the rms voltage for sawtooth signals is identical to the root-mean-square value for triangular signals. The ratio of the peak value to the effective value of the signal is referred to as the peak or comb coefficient and has the formula ξ. The coefficient is determined by the waveform and is greater than or equal to. For sinusoidal signals, the ratio of the ridge has the value √2 = 1.

Lathe indicators always display the correct effective value of a variable variable, but only suitable for low frequencies. Coding coils with measuring rectifiers were initially calibrated to display the rms value of pure sinusoidal magnitudes. They record the equivalence or magnitude of the average signal value and include the form factor. The shape factor depends on the waveform, and the meter can only correctly display the waveform to which it is calibrated.

Measuring instruments with electronic calculation circuits can determine the rms value from different signals and, consequently, display the measured value correctly. Rectangular signals and other pulses with steep edges do not immediately reach their maximum values. The increase in flanks does not extend at a right angle to the time axis. Time passes, which can be represented on an oscilloscope with a suitable extension of the time axis. Some parameters are standardized and specially marked.

The following sketch shows all important notations. In the case of a nonlinear edge profile, the definition values ​​are read from 10% to 90% of the signal amplitude. A positive edge is the leading edge. A negative side slope is a rear flank. The decay time is the time when a voltage or current impulse is required to decrease to 10% of its maximum value. The decay time is approximately proportional to the time constant of the circuit. In audio technology, the reverberation time is the reverberation time and depends on the frequency.

In addition to the basic generation of a sinusoidal signal, the most important characteristics of sinusoidal signals are described under this name. According to the rules of magnetic induction, a voltage is generated at the terminals of the coil rotating in a magnetic field. To get a relationship here, the coil is reduced to a conductive loop. It rotates at a constant speed in a uniform magnetic field, so that changes in the rotation angle remain unchanged at the same time intervals.

The contour of the conductor covers the plane in the plane. If the contour of the conductor rotates, the surface size decreases with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. The effective area is now the projection of the rotated surface onto the plane. Accordingly, the magnetic flux Φ decreases.

Both the active area and the associated magnetic flux are functions of the angle of rotation. The magnetic flux Φ enclosed in the conductor circuit changes with uniform rotation in accordance with the cosine function. The full round or period corresponds to 360 °. Direction of rotation on the electronics display diagram as agreed counter-clockwise. The change in the magnetic flux ΔΦ depends on the angle and time.

The stress is calculated, as follows from the law of induction. The result is a sinusoidal voltage at which the negative sign of the self-induction voltage is canceled. From the standpoint of a uniformly rotating conductive loop, the largest changes in the magnetic flux occur in the range 90 ° and 270 °, while the changes are insignificant only by 0 ° and 180 °. Flow changes are described by a cosine curve. The amplitude of the induced voltage reaches its maximum value when the maximum possible number of field lines is detected at the 0 ° and 180 ° position by the circuit.

The relationship between a pointer and a linear chart

This corresponds to a sinusoidal curve. Representation of sinusoidal or cosine variable variables can be performed with the help of an index diagram, as well as with a linear diagram. In the next interactive film, the radius can be rotated counter-clockwise as a red pointer. The length of the pointer corresponds to the maximum value or peak values ​​of the change variable. For each angular position in the circle, a rectangular triangle appears as the hypotenuse.

The length of the green legs created by the perpendicular projection of the pointer to the horizontal pointer with φ = 0 ° is equal to the value of the amplitude of the cosine curve for the corresponding angle φ. The height of the solder from the tip of the pointer to the horizontal, the length of the blue vertical catheter is equal to the amplitude of the sinusoidal curve for this angle. In the section "Thematical Mathematics" detailed mathematical calculations can be read by the angular functions of a right triangle.

A linear diagram can be developed from a single circle using a rotary index. For this purpose, the circular circle along the zero line is folded to the right and, consequently, to the x-axis of the rectangular coordinate system. If the pointer rotates evenly after a full round, then this is a periodic operation.