Presentation on the topic of the origin and evolution of the universe. Origin of the Universe. Presentation on the topic: Origin of the Universe

Universe The Universe is the entire existing material world, limitless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development. The part of the Universe covered by astronomical observations is called the Metagalaxy, or our Universe. The dimensions of the metagalaxy are very large: the radius of the cosmological horizon is 15-20 billion light years.

The evolution of the structure of the Universe is associated with the emergence of clusters of galaxies, the separation and formation of stars and galaxies, and the formation of planets and their satellites. The Universe itself arose approximately 20 billion years ago from some dense and hot proto-matter. There is a point of view that from the very beginning protomatter began to expand at a gigantic speed. At the initial stage, this dense substance scattered in all directions and was a homogeneous seething mixture of unstable particles that constantly disintegrated upon collision. Cooling and interacting over millions of years, this entire mass of matter scattered in space was concentrated into large and small gas formations, which over the course of hundreds of millions of years, approaching and merging, turned into huge complexes. In these complexes, in turn, denser areas arose - stars and even entire galaxies subsequently formed there. The evolution of the structure of the Universe is associated with the emergence of clusters of galaxies, the separation and formation of stars and galaxies, and the formation of planets and their satellites. The Universe itself arose approximately 20 billion years ago from some dense and hot proto-matter. There is a point of view that from the very beginning protomatter began to expand at a gigantic speed. At the initial stage, this dense substance scattered in all directions and was a homogeneous seething mixture of unstable particles that constantly disintegrated upon collision. Cooling and interacting over millions of years, this entire mass of matter scattered in space was concentrated into large and small gas formations, which over the course of hundreds of millions of years, approaching and merging, turned into huge complexes. In these complexes, in turn, denser areas arose - stars and even entire galaxies subsequently formed there.

The origin of the Universe Is the Universe finite or infinite, what is its geometry - these and many other questions are related to the evolution of the Universe, in particular to the observed expansion. If the speed of the “expansion” of galaxies increases by 75 km/s for every million parsecs, then extrapolation to the past leads to an amazing result: approximately 10-20 billion years ago the entire Universe was concentrated in a very small area. Many scientists believe that at that time the density of the Universe was the same as that of an atomic nucleus: the Universe was one giant “nuclear drop”. For some reason, this “drop” became unstable and exploded. We are now observing the consequences of this explosion as systems of galaxies.

The Big Bang Theory According to modern concepts, the Universe we now observe arose 13.7 ± 0.13 billion years ago from some initial singular state with gigantic temperature and density and has been continuously expanding and cooling since then. Recently, scientists have been able to determine that the expansion rate of the Universe, starting from a certain point in the past, is constantly increasing, which clarifies some concepts of the Big Bang theory.

After the explosion, two types of matter were formed: substance and field. The first chemical elements are H, He, H2. H and He began to form condensations and stars formed from them. After the explosion, two types of matter were formed: substance and field. The first chemical elements are H, He, H2. H and He began to form condensations and stars formed from them. Heavier metals were formed in the interior of stars as a result of stellar nucleosynthesis. Elements heavier than Fe are formed during the explosion of novae and supernovae. At the site of the remnants of supernova explosions, new stars and their planetary systems are formed. More dense substances always form inner dwarf planets, less dense substances always form giant planets on the periphery of the system. As the Earth grew to its present mass, it warmed by decaying isotopes and by capturing kinetic energy from the collision of large debris. As a result of heating, Fe and Ni melted and sank into the center of the planet and formed the core. The remaining material formed the mantle (less hot). Cooled - the earth's crust.

“Endlessly pulsating Universe” According to one of the alternative theories (the so-called “endlessly pulsating Universe”), the world has never arisen and will never disappear (or, in another way, it is born and dies an infinite number of times), but has periodicity, while the creation of the world is understood the starting point after which the world is built anew

Creationism Many creationists believe that there is no such fundamental contradiction between scientific and religious concepts as it seems at first glance. It is believed that many terms used in ancient religious texts should not be taken literally and that allowance must be made for the time and language used in antiquity and considered holistically. For example, the well-known biblical story about the 6 days of creation should be understood metaphorically, if only because, according to the same text, the Sun and Moon appeared only on the fourth day, which clearly indicates that at least all previous “days” ( and, possibly, subsequent ones) are not days in the generally accepted sense of the word and are not identical to days

In 1922-1924. Soviet mathematician A.A. Friedman proposed general equations to describe the entire Universe as it changes over time. Stellar systems cannot be located, on average, at constant distances from each other. They must either move away or come closer. This result is an inevitable consequence of the presence of gravitational forces, which dominate on a cosmic scale. Friedman's conclusion meant that the Universe must either expand or contract. This resulted in a revision of general ideas about the Universe. In 1929, the American astronomer E. Hubble (1889-1953), using astrophysical observations, discovered the expansion of the Universe, confirming the correctness of Friedman's conclusions. In 1922-1924. Soviet mathematician A.A. Friedman proposed general equations to describe the entire Universe as it changes over time. Stellar systems cannot be located, on average, at constant distances from each other. They must either move away or come closer. This result is an inevitable consequence of the presence of gravitational forces, which dominate on a cosmic scale. Friedman's conclusion meant that the Universe must either expand or contract. This resulted in a revision of general ideas about the Universe. In 1929, the American astronomer E. Hubble (1889-1953), using astrophysical observations, discovered the expansion of the Universe, confirming the correctness of Friedman's conclusions.

Further evolution of the Universe According to the Big Bang theory, further evolution depends on an experimentally measurable parameter - the average density of matter in the modern Universe. If the density does not exceed a certain (known from theory) critical value, the Universe will expand forever, but if the density is greater than the critical value, then the expansion process will someday stop and the reverse phase of compression will begin, returning to the original singular state. Modern experimental data regarding the average density are not yet reliable enough to make a clear choice between two options for the future of the Universe. There are a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot yet answer, but its main provisions are substantiated by reliable experimental data, and the modern level of theoretical physics makes it possible to quite reliably describe the evolution of such a system in time, with the exception of the very initial stage - about a hundredth of a second from “ the beginning of the world." It is important for the theory that this uncertainty at the initial stage actually turns out to be insignificant, since the state of the Universe formed after passing this stage and its subsequent evolution can be described quite reliably.

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Since more distant galaxies appear more “red,” it was assumed that they are moving away from our Galaxy at a greater speed. In fact, it is not individual galaxies that are scattering, and certainly not individual stars. Galaxies are bound by gravitational forces and form clusters. No matter which direction you look, clusters of galaxies are moving away from the Earth at the same speed, and it may seem that our Galaxy is the center of the Universe, but this is not so. Wherever the observer is, he will see the same picture everywhere - all the galaxies are scattering from him.

But clusters of galaxies can fly apart only from some beginning. This means that all galaxies must have been born at one point. That is, there was a time when the Universe was infinitely small and infinitely dense. This point then exploded with enormous force. Calculations show that this happened approximately 15 billion years ago. At the moment of such an explosion, the temperature was very high, and a lot of light and energy should have appeared.

The fact is that in the Universe there is not only matter, but also a gravitational field. It is known that its energy is negative, and it exactly compensates for the energy contained in particles, planets, stars and other massive objects. Thus, the law of conservation of energy is perfectly fulfilled, and the total energy and mass of our Universe are practically equal to zero.

According to the big bang theory, the universe began as a result of a huge explosion that created space and time, and all the matter and energy that surround us. The newborn Universe went through a stage of extremely rapid expansion and, until about 300 thousand years old, was a boiling cauldron of electrons, protons and radiation. The general expansion of the Universe gradually cooled this medium, and when the temperature dropped to several thousand degrees, the time had come for the formation of stable atoms.

Even in ancient times, people tried to explain the origin of our planet; its development. There are a lot of such theories, however, each of them was questioned at one time. Modern scientists believe that the Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. It was a huge, ball-like, but highly distorted cosmic body, collected by the forces of universal gravity attracted to each other, thereby forming a certain figure vaguely reminiscent of a ball. There is no second such figure, and people have come up with a special name for it - GEOID.

Gradually, heavy particles moved down to the center, and light particles moved to the surface. This is called the process of differentiation. It led to the heating of the planet. A hot core formed in its center, surrounded by a liquid shell, and on top - many melted lighter and harder shells (geospheres).

Then the Earth's surface began to cool. The very first atmosphere formed around the more solid body. This is a kind of shell that consists of a variety of gases, the composition and quantity of which has constantly changed over time; in the process of planetary development.

She, like any living organism, was constantly changing, the most noticeable changes are what scientists call “cycles.” Taking into account the cyclical nature of the formation of the Earth, a time table of the planet’s development was compiled. In it, scientists spoke in detail (over millennia) about all the changes taking place on the planet and called it the “geochronological scale.”

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"Giant planets astronomy" -<- Каменное ядро. Юпитер мог бы стать звездой, если был бы в 60 раз больше. Simon and Jacquelite Mitton 1994 год. >> Astronomy. Almost a twin of Uranus. Europe. Ganymede. Planet maps. Moscow, 2006. Saturn. The group of giant planets includes: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

“Hypotheses of the origin of the Solar System” - But Laplace knew and spoke critically about the assumptions of his compatriot Buffon. Buffon's hypothesis. A similar principle, it must be said, was also found in ancient Greek philosophical works. This is how the first condensations of matter appeared in Chaos. Kant's hypothesis. What does the solar system consist of? Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 50", Perm. Solar system. What is the solar system? Petrova Regina, 11th class.

“Earth-Moon System” - Today, the parameters of the lunar orbit are known with high accuracy. Another body is the Moon. Moon card. After the collision of Phaethon, other planets could also change their orbits. Astronomers also distinguish between the draconic and anomalistic months. This is not a complete list of the difficulties facing researchers. Venus became hot and Mars became cold. Presentation on Astronomy “Earth-Moon” Performed by 11th grade student Anna Romanchenko.

Existing hypotheses of the origin of the Universe
(1. Religious theories
2. Theories based on scientific factors
Classification of hypotheses for the origin of our world
Characteristic features of the most popular hypotheses
Cosmological eras

Christian creationism
Creationism in Judaism
Creationism in Hinduism
Creationism in Buddhism
Creationism in Islam

Kant's cosmological model
Emmanuel Kant argued,
that in having no beginning and end
ancient
And
exists
huge
Universe
infinite
number
opportunities thanks to which
light
Maybe
to appear
biological product.
any
Soon
time, his hypothesis became a theory,
which by the beginning of the 20th century. was already considered
the only true one.

Einstein's Model of the Universe (static Universe)
Universe
Einstein
had
finite dimensions, but at the same time it does not have
there were limits to what was possible only
case when space is curved, like
For example,
V
sphere.
So, the space in the model
Einstein
was
three-dimensional,
it
closed itself and was homogeneous, i.e.
it had no center or edges, and in it
The galaxies were evenly distributed.

Expanding Universe Model (Universe
Friedman, non-stationary Universe)
In 1922, Soviet scientist A.A.
Friedman
developed
first
non-stationary model of the Universe. This
the theory does not contradict the general
theory of relativity, but if the Universe
expands, that was bound to happen
some event that led to the scattering
stars
And
galaxies.
reminded
explosion,
This
phenomenon
That's why
They called it the "Big Bang".
Very
scientists
And

The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory is under construction
on the fact that matter and energy, from which
consists of everything that exists but the Universe, previously
were in a state characterized by
endless
temperature,
density
And
pressure. In this state there is no effect
one law of physics, and all that is currently
moment the Universe consists, was in
microscopically small particle, which in
some kind
moment
time
came
V
unstable condition, resulting in
The Big Bang occurred.

Big bounce
Big Bang, considered
as a unique phenomenon, then
this theory is only one
link
from
chains
reactions,
V
as a result of which the Universe
constantly reproduces itself
myself.

String theory and M-theory
According to M-theory, the physical world
consists of ten spatial and one
time dimension. In this world there are
spaces, so-called branes, one of
which is our Universe, consisting
from
three
spatial
World building levels:
1.Macroscopic level -
substance
2.Molecular level
3. Atomic level - protons,
neutrons and electrons
4. Subatomic level - electron
5. Subatomic level - quarks
6. String level
measurements.

Big
explosion
-
cosmological
model,
describing the early development of the Universe, that is
the beginning of the expansion of the Universe, before which it
was in a singular state - a state
characterized by
endless
density
And
temperature of the substance.

era
era
era
era
stars (6<η<14)
decay (15<η<39)
black holes (40<η<100)
eternal darkness (η>101)
* η as a decimal exponent of the age of the Universe in
years

Current era, era
active birth of stars,
will end exactly at that moment
when the galaxies run out of everything
reserves of interstellar gas; V
this is the time they will finish their
path and low mass
stars - red dwarfs -
having completely exhausted their
combustion sources.

Main objects
Universe - white and
brown dwarfs, and quite
some neutron stars and
black holes. Ordinary stars
no at all, they all got to
final stage of its
evolution: white dwarfs,
neutron stars, black
holes.

All matter
represents the sea
elementary particles. AND
only in some corners
The universe continues
live neutron stars.
Come to the fore
black holes.

This time is already without any energy sources.
The temperature is rapidly approaching
absolute zero.

In the modern scientific world, the most recognized hypothesis remains
the emergence of the Universe, based on the Big Bang theory.