In which country in Africa is the currency unit of the pool. Pula paper currency, banknote, denomination, modern money of Botswana

The currency of Botswana is the pula, which is divided into 100 thebes and issued by the Bank of Botswana. Botswana (before 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. Botswana's first national currency, the pula, was introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.

In cash circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 pula. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.

Botswana's paper banknotes feature portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pula banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national coat of arms, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its talons (right), and a man in a canoe ( left). The bill measures 150 x 75 mm and is colored predominantly in beige, yellow and green. To protect the authenticity of the 50 pula banknote, watermarks are used in the form of a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip running to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription WWII 50 is applied in microtext along the entire length. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front The sides of the bill have a hologram on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird or numerous digital denominations.

The pula is considered one of the most stable currencies in Africa, as evidenced by its exchange rate against the US dollar: 6 Botswana pula can buy 1 US dollar, which is a relatively good indicator.

Botswana Pula. 10 BWP banknote, obverse (front side).

Botswana Pula. 10 BWP banknote, reverse.

Botswana Pula. 20 BWP banknote, obverse (front side).

Botswana Pula. 20 BWP banknote, reverse.

Botswana Pula. 50 BWP banknote, obverse (front side).

Botswana Pula. 50 BWP banknote, reverse.

Botswana Pula. 100 BWP banknote, obverse (front side).

Botswana Pula. 100 BWP banknote, reverse.

Coins

Denomination: 5 thebe. The front side is an image of a bird. The reverse side is the coat of arms of Botswana.
Denomination: 10 thebe. The front side is an image of a goat. The reverse side is the coat of arms of Botswana.
Denomination: 25 thebe. The obverse of the coin shows the image of a buffalo. On the reverse side of the coin is the coat of arms of Botswana.

follis) - passed to the Byzantine copper coin and, somewhat modified (fulus, fels, fels), found its way into the monetary systems of the Middle East and from there into the Jochid coinage.

Place of release. Appearance

The first copper pools were issued in the 50s of the 13th century at the mint of the city of Bulgar, which existed before the Mongol conquest, with the name of the deceased caliph an-Nasir lid-Din. Subsequently, their minting was carried out at more than 20 mints of different parts of the Golden Horde, the largest of which were Saray, Gulistan, Crimea, Azak, Khorezm.

Externally, copper and silver coins of the Golden Horde were designed very uniformly, and minted in different cities, they looked, with rare exceptions, differently and were easily distinguishable from each other. The Golden Horde pools, like the coins of all Mongol uluses, had a Muslim appearance. The legend on the coins was written using the Arabic alphabet. The prevailing inscriptions were in Turkic, Persian, Arabic and Uyghur. In copper coinage, which ensured the local sphere of monetary circulation, Muslim prohibitions on the use of images did not play a big role. Copper pools bear images of animals (for example, a lion, leopard), birds, a horseman, etc.

On coins of the 13th - early 14th centuries, the tamga of the house of Batu was placed as a symbol of the unity of the ruling family. Tamga could be placed both on the side where the khan’s name was and on the opposite side.

Minting technique

Golden Horde pools were minted on blanks made from chopped parts of a rod, forged or stretched to a certain diameter. After this, the rod was cut according to the markings and the blanks thus obtained were flattened and annealed before applying the stamp. The thickness of the workpiece turned out to be unequal. One end, on which the cut fell, is thicker, the opposite, on which stronger blows of the hammer fell, is thinner. In the 14th century, “chocks” were first made - pieces of wire cut off on both sides. After flattening, the cut areas were cut off with scissors, which is clearly visible when examining the edges of the coins. The image was applied by embossing stamps, which were made from round steel rods of the required diameter. There are known finds of blanks at the Selitrennoye, Tsarevskoye and Vodyanskoye settlements in the Lower Volga region.

Appeal pool

The cost of copper in the pools was lower than their nominal value, that is, there was a forced exchange rate. In the provincial cities of the Golden Horde, this forced course was obviously established by local authorities and was valid only there. Therefore, the local provincial coinage does not go out in large quantities outside the borders of its city. Partly a sign of value, pools could not be stored for long. With this practice of constant changes in copper in circulation, they quickly lost their value if they were not handed over to the treasury. This is why there are very few treasures of copper pools, which is why people lost these coins so often. This explains the large number of finds of copper pools in the cultural layer of the Golden Horde cities.

Russian pullo

In imitation of the Jochid pools in the 15th - early 16th centuries, similar copper coins were minted in Moscow, Tver, Novogorod and Pskov. At the same time, the place of minting was indicated on the coin itself: “Moscow Pulo”, “Tverskoe Pulo”, etc. Banknotes had little value (60-70 pula were equal to 1 dengue) and were used for small payments.

see also

Write a review about the article "Pool (currency)"

Notes

Sources

• Fedorov-Davydov G. A. Monetary affairs of the Golden Horde. -Moscow: PALEOGRAF, 2003.
• Khromov K.K. On the issue of the technology of minting Juchid coins // Materials of the XIII All-Russian Numismatic Conference. -Moscow, 2005.

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Follis Fels (fels, felus) / Fils Pool (pulo, pula) see also

Russian coins Foreign coins Counting and weighing units Commodity money see also

From the word “hundred” (including lat. centum) From Latin roots From ancient Greek. δραχμή ("drachma") From Romanesque and Germanic roots From Slavic roots From Semitic roots From Persian roots From Turkic roots From Chinese roots From banthoid roots Others see also

An excerpt characterizing the Pool (currency unit)

“You are a villain, a destroyer,” shouted at that time a thin, pale woman with a child in her arms and a scarf torn from her head, bursting out of the door and running down the stairs to the courtyard. Ferapontov followed her and, seeing Alpatych, straightened his vest and hair, yawned and entered the room behind Alpatych.
- Do you really want to go? - he asked.
Without answering the question and without looking back at the owner, looking through his purchases, Alpatych asked how long the owner was supposed to stay.
- We'll count! Well, did the governor have one? – Ferapontov asked. – What was the solution?
Alpatych replied that the governor did not tell him anything decisive.
- Are we going to leave on our business? - said Ferapontov. - Give me seven rubles per cart to Dorogobuzh. And I say: there is no cross on them! - he said.
“Selivanov, he got in on Thursday and sold flour to the army for nine rubles a sack.” Well, will you drink tea? - he added. While the horses were being pawned, Alpatych and Ferapontov drank tea and talked about the price of grain, the harvest and favorable weather for harvesting.
“However, it began to calm down,” said Ferapontov, drinking three cups of tea and getting up, “ours must have taken over.” They said they won't let me in. This means strength... And after all, they said, Matvey Ivanovich Platov drove them into the Marina River, drowned eighteen thousand, or something, in one day.
Alpatych collected his purchases, handed them over to the coachman who came in, and settled accounts with the owner. At the gate there was the sound of wheels, hooves and bells of a car leaving.
It was already well after noon; half the street was in the shade, the other was brightly lit by the sun. Alpatych looked out the window and went to the door. Suddenly a strange sound of a distant whistle and blow was heard, and after that there was a merging roar of cannon fire, which made the windows tremble.
Alpatych went out into the street; two people ran down the street towards the bridge. From different sides we heard whistles, impacts of cannonballs and the bursting of grenades falling in the city. But these sounds were almost inaudible and did not attract the attention of residents in comparison with the sounds of gunfire heard outside the city. It was a bombardment, which at five o'clock Napoleon ordered to open on the city, from one hundred and thirty guns. At first the people did not understand the significance of this bombing.
The sounds of falling grenades and cannonballs aroused at first only curiosity. Ferapontov’s wife, who had never stopped howling under the barn, fell silent and, with the child in her arms, went out to the gate, silently looking at the people and listening to the sounds.
The cook and the shopkeeper came out to the gate. Everyone with cheerful curiosity tried to see the shells flying over their heads. Several people came out from around the corner, talking animatedly.
- That’s power! - said one. “Both the lid and the ceiling were smashed into splinters.”
“It tore up the earth like a pig,” said another. - That’s so important, that’s how I encouraged you! – he said laughing. “Thank you, I jumped back, otherwise she would have smeared you.”
The people turned to these people. They paused and told how they got into the house near their core. Meanwhile, other shells, now with a quick, gloomy whistle - cannonballs, now with a pleasant whistling - grenades, did not stop flying over the heads of the people; but not a single shell fell close, everything was carried over. Alpatych sat down in the tent. The owner stood at the gate.
- What haven’t you seen! - he shouted at the cook, who, with her sleeves rolled up, in a red skirt, swaying with her bare elbows, came to the corner to listen to what was being said.
“What a miracle,” she said, but, hearing the owner’s voice, she returned, tugging at her tucked skirt.
Again, but very close this time, something whistled, like a bird flying from top to bottom, a fire flashed in the middle of the street, something fired and covered the street with smoke.
- Villain, why are you doing this? – the owner shouted, running up to the cook.
At the same moment, women howled pitifully from different sides, a child began to cry in fear, and people with pale faces silently crowded around the cook. From this crowd, the cook’s moans and sentences were heard most loudly:
- Oh oh oh, my darlings! My little darlings are white! Don't let me die! My white darlings!..
Five minutes later there was no one left on the street. The cook, with her thigh broken by a grenade fragment, was carried into the kitchen. Alpatych, his coachman, Ferapontov’s wife and children, and the janitor sat in the basement, listening. The roar of guns, the whistle of shells and the pitiful moan of the cook, which dominated all sounds, did not cease for a moment. The hostess either rocked and coaxed the child, or in a pitiful whisper asked everyone who entered the basement where her owner, who remained on the street, was. The shopkeeper who entered the basement told her that the owner had gone with the people to the cathedral, where they were raising the Smolensk miraculous icon.

Botswana (before 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. Botswana's first national currency, the pula, was introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.

In cash circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pula. Paper money 1, 2, and 5 pula were withdrawn from circulation on July 1, 2011. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.

Botswana's paper banknotes feature portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pula banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national coat of arms, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its talons (right), and a man in a canoe ( left). The bill measures 150 x 75 mm and is colored predominantly in beige, yellow and green.

To protect the authenticity of the 50 pula banknote, watermarks are used in the form of a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip running to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription WWII 50 is applied in microtext along the entire length. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front The sides of the bill have a hologram on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird or numerous digital denominations.

The pula is considered one of the most stable currencies in Africa, as evidenced by its exchange rate against the US dollar: 6 Botswana pula can buy 1 US dollar, which is a relatively good indicator.

The last series of banknotes in Botswana was issued on 23 August 2009. This series introduced a new 200 pula banknote. The bill is made in violet, brown, purple-green tones. On the front side there is a picture of a woman teaching children to read, on the reverse side there are four zebras at a watering hole. The watermark is a zebra on the hind legs and the number 200. The dimensions of the banknote are 156 x 78 mm.

• Botswana, Republic
• Gaborone
• 569,582 sq.km
• Setswana (state), Kalanga, etc.
• BW(BWA)072

Warning: include() [function.include ]: URL file-access is disabled in the server configuration in on line 61 Warning: include(http://www..inc) [function.include ]: failed to open stream: no suitable wrapper could be found in /home/u98142/e-allmoneyru/www/banknotes/afr/botswana.html on line 61 Warning: include() [function.include ]: Failed opening "http://www..inc" for inclusion (include_path=".:/opt/php52/lib/php") in /home/u98142/e-allmoneyru/www/banknotes/afr/botswana.html on line 61

The currency of Botswana is the pula, which is divided into 100 thebes and issued by the Bank of Botswana.

Botswana (before 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuaneland) was part of the sterling zone. Botswana's first national currency, the pula, was introduced in August 1976. instead of the rand, which had been in circulation since February 1961, replacing the South African pound.

In cash circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pula. Paper money 1, 2, and 5 pula were withdrawn from circulation on July 1, 2011. Banknotes of all denominations have several different modifications, while all of them are legal tender throughout Botswana. The international symbolic designation of this African currency is the letter combination BWP.

Botswana's paper banknotes feature portraits of prominent political figures of this African country. In particular, the front side of the 50 pula banknote is decorated with a portrait of Seretse Khama, who is known as the first president of Botswana, and the national coat of arms, on the reverse side of this banknote there is an image of a river landscape, a bird carrying a fish in its talons (right), and a man in a canoe ( left). The bill measures 150 x 75 mm and is colored predominantly in beige, yellow and green. To protect the authenticity of the 50 pula banknote, watermarks are used in the form of a zebra and a digital designation of the denomination, a security strip running to the left of the center, on which the repeating inscription WWII 50 is applied in microtext along the entire length. The banknote is also equipped with a security thread and located in the lower right corner of the front The sides of the bill have a hologram on which you can see either a repeating image of a hummingbird or numerous digital denominations.

The pula is considered one of the most stable currencies in Africa, as evidenced by its exchange rate against the US dollar: 6 Botswana pula can buy 1 US dollar, which is a relatively good indicator.

The last series of banknotes in Botswana was issued on 23 August 2009. This series introduced a new 200 pula banknote. The bill is made in violet, brown, purple-green tones. On the front side there is a picture of a woman teaching children to read, on the reverse side there are four zebras at a watering hole. The watermark is a zebra on the hind legs and the number 200. The dimensions of the banknote are 156 x 78 mm.