Rating of countries by age of population. Age structure of the population Main age groups of the population

The country's labor resources are formed primarily from the working-age population.

Of the total number working age population(women - 16-54, men - 16-59 years old) amounted to 4447.0 thousand people in 1959; in 1979 – 5546.4; in 1989 – 5685.0; in 1999 – 5752.1; in 2000 – 5809.3; in 2001 – 5872.4; at the beginning of 2002 – 5918.0 thousand people. However, not all of the working age population is able to work. The exception is non-working war and labor invalids of groups 1 and 2; men 50–59 years old and women 45–54 years old receiving pensions on preferential terms.

Towards the working population of working age includes all persons 16–59 years old (16–54 for women) with the exception of non-working labor and war invalids of the 1st and 2nd groups, as well as men (50–59 years old) and women (45–54 years old) receiving pensions on preferential terms.

Working population- this is a set of persons, mainly of working age (16–54 for women, 16–59 for men), who, according to their psychophysiological data, are capable of participating in the labor process. The working-age population is a narrower concept compared to the concept " working age population" since the latter includes both able-bodied and disabled persons of working age.

As part of the working population based on gender distinguish predominantly female or male populations. In areas of predominance of industries with predominantly male labor, as a rule, there is an unemployed female working population (for example, the mining industry in Soligorsk). And vice versa, the predominance of female labor (at the Orsha flax mill) raises the problem of a shortage of male population. This problem is demographic and social at the same time, because it creates difficulties in creating and strengthening a family, leads to a decrease in marriage and birth rates, an increase in the divorce rate, and increases staff turnover, which reduces their qualifications.

By degree of economic activity distinguish between the economically active and economically inactive parts of the working population.

in our country, this is the part of the population that provides its labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population includes the entire employed population, the unemployed and women on maternity and child care leave.

To the economically inactive population of working age include students and students, persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick relatives, and other persons not engaged in economic activities, as well as military personnel.

The share of the economically active population calculated for certain age groups is called labor activity of the population. The economically active population in the republic was: in 1990 - 5150.8 thousand people; in 1995 – 4524.2; in 1999 – 4542.0; in 2000 – 4537.0; in 2001 – 4537 thousand people; the economically inactive population was 1324.5 in 1995; in 2000 – 1467.6 thousand people; in 2001 – 1560 (Table 2).

table 2

Economically active population

By degree of employment The working-age population is divided into the working (or employed) able-bodied population and the non-working (unemployed) population. The employed population of the Republic of Belarus amounted to 4410 thousand people in 1995, and 4441 in 2000; in 2001 – 4435, which is 97.5%, respectively; 97.9%; 97.7% in relation to the economically active population. As a result, the main issue in labor resource management is the question of “what and how the employed population is employed.”

The number of unemployed in 1995 was 114.6 thousand people; in 1999 – 100.0; in 2000 – 96.0; in 2001 – 102 thousand people, which amounted to 2.5 percent of the economically active population; 2.2; 2.1 and 2.3%.

In other words, the economically active population is the part of the population employed in the country’s economy, including those employed in personal farming, i.e. the vast majority of the working population. In accordance with UN recommendations The economically active population includes not only actually working people, but also unemployed people looking for paid work.

Economically active population combines:

1) the entire working population of working age, with the exception of off-duty students serving in the Armed Forces;

2) persons who are beyond working age, but employed in social production;

3) persons employed in subsidiary, cooperative and household, personal farming.

In foreign publications The concept of economically active population is similar to the concept of labor force. In Russian literature, labor is a qualitative characteristic expressing the ability to work, a special kind of product.

Within the economically active population, labor statistics highlight the concept industrial population(as a set of people employed in industry and construction) and the agrarian (or agricultural) population. In accordance with this, there are concepts: industrial country (for example, Belarus); agricultural country (for example, Bulgaria).

Thus, the concept of the working-age population does not coincide with the concept of labor resources, since the latter includes not only the working and non-working able-bodied population, but also the working disabled population.

Table 3

Labor resources of the Republic of Belarus (thousand people)

At the same time, not only the able-bodied population is engaged in labor. In addition to the working population of working age, two groups of the population beyond working age are involved in work in our society: the working population under working age (up to 16 years) and the working population older than working age (men 60 years and older, women 55 years and older) . Persons of the last age groups (disabled by age, but employed) are included in the labor force.

The age structure of the population is the distribution of people by age groups and contingents for the purpose of studying demographic and socio-economic processes.

This approach helps to form well-founded assumptions regarding future trends in mortality, fertility and other important processes occurring on Earth. It even allows you to predict the demand for services and goods. What is the essence of this approach and what are its features? This is what we will talk about now.

Distribution principle

To begin with, it is important to stipulate that the concept of an age group is often identified with a term such as “generation”. It is not right. A group is just a collection of people united by the same age. But a generation includes citizens who were born in a certain period.

In the age structure of the population, the composition of the population is usually considered in ten-year, five-year, and one-year groups. The lower border is marked, which is logical, but the upper border remains open. Usually they simply indicate “Over 75.”

Division by ability to work

In Russia this is what is most often used. The population is divided into age groups based on their ability to work. It looks like this:

• From 0 to 15 years. Citizens who are not of working age due to their youth.
• Men from 16 to 59 years old and women from 16 to 54 inclusive. People of working age.
• Men and women are over 60 and 55 years old, respectively. Retirement age exceeding working age.

This is a conditional gradation. It is used to determine the level of the economically active population. And here it is necessary to note an important nuance. And we are, of course, talking about raising the retirement age.

The need to increase this figure has been discussed for a long time. This is justified by the fact that many citizens simply do not have enough experience to receive decent payments.

The changes already took place a year ago, on January 1, 2017. Not much, but only for six months. Now men can retire at sixty and a half, and women at fifty-five and a half.

The age is planned to increase annually. If we believe the forecasts, then in 8-12 years in our country men will retire at 65. And women are 63 years old. And this change is difficult to characterize as positive. After all, now in order to receive payments a person must have at least 20 years of experience in a particular field. And before, before 2017, there were 15.

Also, experts do not believe that these reforms will help the country get out of the economic crisis. The percentage of working people aged 45 to 65 will increase sharply, and young citizens, on the contrary, will no longer find employment in budgetary structures. They will try their luck either in other countries or organize their own business. And they will have nowhere to earn seniority, since all the places will be occupied by people who could go on a well-deserved rest.

And these conclusions, by the way, are made taking into account the notorious age structure of the population. That is why it was decided to increase the pension threshold gradually. A sharp jump will not lead to anything good.

Measurement and classifications

When talking about the sex and age structure of the population, it is necessary to make a reservation that certain classifications are used for its research. The oldest is considered to be Chinese, and it looks like this:

• Up to 20 years old. Period of youth.
• From 20 to 30. The age when people enter the tank.
• From 30 to 40. The period during which citizens actively perform public duties.
• From 40 to 50. The time when people recognize their own delusions.
• From 50 to 60. It is believed that this is the last creative period.
• From 60 to 70. Retirement is called the desired age.
• From 70 and above. Old age.

There is also Zumberg's classification, which is more condensed. There are only three stages: children (from 0 to 14), parents (from 15 to 49), and grandparents (from 50 and older).

It is important to note that the gender and age structure of the population differs in developed countries and in not particularly productive ones. In successful countries, the percentage of older people is much higher. But there are more children in developing countries.

The ratio of the total number of pensioners and very young members of society to working-age citizens is called the demographic burden. It comes in two types. One is called “gray” (the ratio of the retired population to the working population), and the second is “green” (the ratio of children to workers).

Demographic changes

They are constantly observed in the age structure of the population. Recently, the birth rate has been decreasing, but the average life expectancy is increasing. This cannot be called a demographic crisis. The proportion of the population of older ages is simply increasing. This phenomenon was given its name - demographic aging.

Of course, there were prerequisites. This phenomenon was the result of long-term demographic changes. These include, mainly, shifts in the nature of mortality, fertility, population reproduction, and also migration.

You can refer to UN statistics. In 2000, the world population aged 60 years and above was approximately 600,000,000. And this figure is three times higher than that observed in 1950. Over time, by 2009, it had grown to 737,000,000 people. Moreover, experts, having studied in detail the factors of the age structure of the world's population, came to the conclusion that in 2050 the proportion of elderly people will exceed the 2 billion mark.

Which country is “leading” in this indicator? An age structure with a high proportion of elderly people is observed in Japan. At the time of 2009, the total number of residents of this country accounted for 29.7% of those over 60. The smallest figure is in the UAE and Qatar. There are only 1.9% elderly there.

Aging society

This is a global problem that is the largest in economic terms. If you believe UN forecasts, then in a little more than 30 years, about a quarter of the planet’s population will be pensioners. And in developed countries, for every working person there will be one elderly person who is unemployed due to age.

Solving the problem of aging society requires an integrated approach, including social, economic and technological aspects. First of all, the calculation is made that the age of the so-called “active old age” will increase. We are talking about those cases when older people lead full, eventful lives, and at the same time look youthful. Fortunately, there are many of them.

Medicine is moving forward by leaps and bounds, so maintaining visual youth and good health is a reality. And thanks to industrial automation, aging people with deteriorating conditions have the opportunity to continue working. Plus, remote work has appeared, which is convenient for the elderly. And many managed to master it.

But it is worth returning to the topic of changing the age structure of the population. To assess the aging process of society, a convenient scale is used, compiled by the demographer J. Beaujeu-Garnier. It was modified by E. Rosset, and this is what happened (see table below).

What are the forecasts for Russia? If already in 2000 the Russian Federation reached the last level of demographic old age (18.5%), then by 2050, according to expert calculations, it will grow to 37.2%.

Influencing factors

It is impossible not to mention them. Factors influencing the age structure of the population include:

• Life expectancy of people, the ratio of fertility and mortality.
• Biological features. Different nations have different birth ratios for girls and boys.
• Losses during wars. The most terrible factor, which is the most serious.
• Migration. According to statistics, in countries that actively accept citizens of other states, there are a large number of mature men.
• Economic state of the country.

The last factor is considered by many to be the key one. Not surprising, since it affects the availability of jobs and public health.

Sex and age structure

The ratio of women and men can hardly be called equal. There are fewer representatives of the strong part of humanity. This is all due to gender imbalance - a demographic effect that arises due to wars and internal politics (one family - 1 child).

In the last century, the ratio was as follows: 52% women and 48% men. Now there are 1% fewer representatives of the strong part of humanity. It would seem that one percent is so little. Yes, but now there are about 7.6 billion people living on Earth. And if converted into a ratio, then this 1% will turn into 76,000,000 men.

Continuing the topic of the gender and age structure of the population, it is worth saying that such disproportions are an obstacle to creating families. Fortunately, the violations that occurred during the Great Patriotic War have already been smoothed out to a certain extent. Now disparities are observed due to differences in fertility and mortality. But they are not catastrophic. Census data will help you verify this:

• 1959 There are 1,249 women per 1,000 men.
• 1989 There are 1,138 women per 1,000 men.
• 1999 There are 1129 women per 1000 men.

It is interesting that in cities the number of men under the age of 25 is greater than the number of women who are in the same category. In rural areas the indicators are different. There, the male population is higher than the female population in all categories up to 50 years. It is believed that this is due to the migration of girls to big cities.

The situation in Asia using the example of China

This is also a very interesting topic. The age structure of the population of Asian countries differs significantly from that in European countries. Especially China. After all, this is the state with the largest population in the world. The country has conducted a census six times, with the most recent one in 2010. At that time, there were 1,339,724,852 people living in China. And only the mainland part was taken into account. Taiwan (23.2 million), Macau (550 thousand) and Hong Kong (7.1 million) were not taken into account.

Over 10 years, China's population grew by ~94,600,000 people. And according to the official population counter, in 2016 the figure rose to 1,376,570,000.

Interestingly, for every 100 women in China there are 119 men. There are more representatives of the strong part of humanity in all age categories. The only exceptions are pensioners. The data is:

• From 0 to 15 years. For every 100 women there are 113 men.
• From 15 to 65 years. For every 100 women there are 106 men.
• From 65 and above. For every 100 women there are 91 men.

It is impossible not to mention the “one family - 1 child” policy adopted in the country with the aim of reducing the birth rate. To normalize the demographic situation, they began to popularize late marriages, complicate the process of creating a family, provide free abortions, etc.

Average ages

They are also interesting to consider. The statistics are quite recent, for 2015. The average age of the population is also called median. It divides all citizens living in the country into two groups - younger than the specified indicator and older. It is difficult to list all states, so the data is selective:

• Monaco - 51.7.
• Germany and Japan - 46.5.
• UK - 40.4.
• Belarus - 39.6.
• USA - 37.8.
• Cyprus - 36.1.
• Armenia - 34.2.
• Tunisia - 31.9.
• UAE - 30.3.
• Kazakhstan - 30.
• Maldives - 27.4.
• South Africa - 26.5.
• Jordan - 22.
• Congo - 19.8.
• Senegal - 18.5.
• South Sudan - 17.
• Niger - 15.2.

In Russia, the average age of the population is 39.1 years. Compared to most European countries, where rates are above 40, we are still a young society.

Social structure of the population

It is also necessary to talk about it. This concept refers to the functioning in society of such elements and structures as the production team, family and social groups. This is important because all of the above is a source of population reproduction, livelihoods and protection of vital interests.

The social structure, according to the scheme proposed by the Soviet sociologist A.V. Dmitriev, consists of five groups:

• Elite. The upper class of society. Consists of the old party elite, which has merged with the new political elite.
• Working class. This group is also divided into layers according to various criteria (industry, classification, etc.).
• Intelligentsia. This includes writers, teachers, doctors, military personnel, etc. In general, educated people with a respected specialty.
• "Bourgeoisie". Businessmen and entrepreneurs.
• Peasantry. They do housework.

The changes taking place in society allow us to make predictions for the future. Predict how society and the quality of life of the population will be functionally and spatially transformed (freedom, security, welfare, etc.).

About population reproduction

Finally, it is worth talking about the demographic crisis. In simple terms, this is a decline in population. Considering that the population of the Earth at the beginning of the 21st century was 6 billion, and by 2011 it had crossed the line of seven billion, there is no need to talk about a demographic crisis. If the dynamics remain the same, then in 2024 the number of people on our planet will be 8 billion.

But if we talk about Russia, then population decline is still observed. From 1925 to 2000, the birth rate in our country decreased by 5.59 children. The most noticeable decline occurred in the 80s and 90s. It was during this period that the mortality rate exceeded the birth rate.

Now the situation has smoothed out somewhat. But the birth rate cannot be called active. Scientists identify the following reasons influencing this:

• Demoeconomic factors. People have neither demographic nor economic motivation.
• Social factors. People have no desire to have children or are unable to support them (a reference to a decline in living standards).
• Medical and social factors. The quality of life and health decreases. The state does not support public health, mortality is rising, and there is widespread alcoholism and drug addiction. People don't want to have children in such conditions so that they don't have to live in them.

Average age is an indicator that divides the country's population into two equal categories, characterizing that half of the people living in a given state are younger than the specified average age, and half are older.

The average age of the world's population is calculated by a weighted arithmetic average. This indicator indicates how many young and elderly people will live in a particular country.

The average age of the population is a very important indicator, because if the country is “young”, then the state will need to invest more funds in the development of the educational sector and the provision of employment.

If the majority of the population is elderly, then the country directs resources to social security and the organization of pension payments (this occurs at different times in different countries).

The age structure of the world's population is often used to prepare forecasts on political issues related to various areas. For example, if in a country the majority of the population is young people, but the state has problems with unemployment, then having predicted this situation, this problem can be solved by organizing new jobs for the younger generation.

This means that almost half of the population (46.3%) is under 15 years of age.

This situation is due to the high birth rate. In Rwanda, each woman has 6-7 children. This demographic situation is also affected by the high mortality rate among the adult population, which is 20.26 people per 1000 inhabitants.

Second place belongs to the country. In that state, the average age of the population is 15.5 years. In recent years, this country has experienced a demographic explosion, which provoked a “rejuvenation” of the population.

It is also worth noting that Uganda has a poorly developed healthcare system, so many residents die from numerous diseases after 40 years of age.

It ranks third in the ranking of countries in the world in terms of the average age of the population with an indicator of 16 years. The constant decrease in age is influenced by high birth rates and deaths from malaria, intestinal infections, leprosy and tuberculosis. Also, more than 15,000 HIV-infected citizens die in this country every year.

In fourth place is the Republic of Malawi with an average age of the population of 16.3 years. This African country is characterized by a population growth of 2.8% per year, due to which it ranks 13th in terms of fertility on the entire African continent.

Seventh place belongs to the country. The average age of the population is 16.9 years. Population growth dynamics – 2.442%. In this country, an urgent problem is the large number of HIV-infected citizens who do not have access to qualified medical treatment due to a lack of funds in the state budget.

Burundi is in eighth place with an indicator of 17 years. The annual population growth is 2.4%. A decrease in the number of middle-aged residents occurred between 1972 and 1993, when confrontations between two ethnic groups began in the country: Tutsis and Hutus.

Because of this man-made genocide, millions of Burundians died at the hands of enemy groups.

Ninth place is occupied by a state called Burkina Faso. The average age in the cities of this republic is 17 years. The country also has a high birth rate.

But this is not the main problem with the predominance of a young population. The state has a low level of urbanization and lacks municipal and educational institutions.

Most of Chad's people are starving. The country is also experiencing an outflow of middle-aged residents to more developed republics.

Rating of countries with the oldest populations

The higher the average age of the population, the higher the level of development of the country. A high rate indicates prosperity, a good healthcare system and a well-functioning social security system.

Table: top 10 countries with the highest average age of the population

Age is not only a quantitative and absolute concept. It still exists as a stage in the process of psychological and physical development. And for quite a long time. From birth to death, to be more precise. Dozens of years, and for some - about or more than a hundred. And, accordingly, age categories and periods of life could not help but form, which largely overlap with each other. However, this can be discussed in more detail.

Infancy

If we talk about age categories, then it is necessary to start from the earliest period. And this, naturally, is infancy. Which is also divided into certain categories. The first lasts from the moment of birth until the 1st month. It is determined by weak emotional development - the child’s state is too “generalized”. And the baby himself requires the constant participation of parents in every process of his life.

2nd period - from two to three months. It is characterized by a more developed emotional system. You can notice that the baby already knows how to be upset and smile at familiar people, even focus attention on his face.

The next period lasts from 4 to 6 months. The child already has a more or less strengthened emotional and sensory system. He recognizes people who are constantly near him, distinguishes acquaintances from strangers, and knows how to determine the direction from which sounds come.

In the period from 7 months to 1.5 years, the child develops and learns motor abilities. When his age exceeds 2 years, the time of increased physical activity begins. And the child himself moves to another age category.

Childhood

This is quite a long period. Which is divided into several more. For early childhood (from 1 to 3 years) and (from 3 to 7). The first category is often called the nursery period. This is a conditional division, which is associated mainly with reasons of a social nature. A child who first went through a nursery, and then through a kindergarten, does not experience further difficulties in fitting into a new team (class at school).

If we talk about age categories, then such a cell as schoolchildren can be considered one of the most difficult psychologically. Because it is during the period of education that the child’s personality is formed and a certain “foundation” is laid, which will play a role in the future.

In addition, children belonging to the school age category grow rapidly in all aspects. Processes such as ossification of the spine and skeletal growth occur, muscle tissue grows, the nervous system of the muscles finishes forming, but the lung tissue, lung capacity and volume increase. And, of course, early age categories of children are characterized by the functional development of the brain. By the age of 8-9 years, the child already has a firmly established

Teenage years

It also needs to be noted with attention when talking about age categories. This period is ambiguous. Girls are considered teenagers from 10 to 18 years old. Boys - from 12 to 18.

Children of this age experience turning points in the development of the body, because puberty occurs. The activity of the endocrine system changes, as does the functionality of organs. Children begin to grow more rapidly, and an increase in body weight is observed. Hormone production increases, which affects psychosocial development. ends with the end of puberty. And the children move to another age category.

Youth and youth

Here the psychological aspect plays a big role, not the biological one. And opinions differ. For example, psychologist E. Erikson believes that adolescence lasts from 13 to 19 years, after which youth begins, which lasts until the age of 35. During this period, the personality begins to “mature”, realize himself and, as a rule, enter into relationships.

But if we turn to the classification of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, defined in 1965, then after adolescence follows But for girls it begins at 16 and ends at 20, and for boys it lasts from 17 to 21.

If we talk about the biological component, then in people of this age category the final completion of physical development is observed. But only in boys the body has not yet achieved the strength and strength characteristic of an adult man. The same goes for girls. The figure of young ladies is clearly different from those of women who have gone through childbirth. And in biological terms, the concept of youth is conditional precisely for this reason. The person may be 19 years old, and, in fact, psychologically she is considered a girl. But if she gives birth to a child, then her body loses its youth. And call her objectively a woman, not a girl.

Average age

Or, as it is also commonly called, maturity. When talking about the age categories of people by year, it cannot be ignored. It is believed that this is the longest period. Traditionally it lasts from 21 to 60 years for men, and from 20 to 55 for women.

The table of age categories shows that it is divided into two periods. The first is from 21-20 to 35. It is characterized by stable functioning of the body. After 35, the average person begins to undergo neuroendocrine changes. Basic physiological indicators slowly but progressively decrease. Primary signs of diseases that usually plague older people may appear. But if a person is healthy and leads a healthy lifestyle, then all this can be postponed indefinitely. Again, the age categories of people are one thing, but how they manage their health is completely different. At 20, you can look 35, and vice versa. Some “persons” even have kidney failure at 25.

Specifics of maturity

Specialists studying age categories of the population managed to find out a lot of interesting and useful data. For example, human mortality from malignant tumors has tripled over the past 60 years.

And due to the fact that by the second period of maturity a person increasingly begins to feel tired from constant work and the same lifestyle, various forms of pathology begin to appear. These are injuries (domestic and industrial), tumors, cardiovascular diseases. Largely due to the fact that a person stops critically assessing himself, it seems to him that he is as young and full of strength as he was at 25. But if he is 50, then he can no longer do anything the way he did. I dealt with this about 20 years ago.

And cardiovascular diseases are a completely sad topic. They arise due to the fact that a modern person constantly accompanies life: stress, nervous tension, depression, poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, smoking, alcohol. In addition to this, during middle age additional mental stress is added, which appears for personal and family reasons.

Retirement age

It is open to men and women who are 60 and 55 years old, respectively. Signs of aging are increasing: the structure of the hair and skin changes, the gait becomes different, the outline of the figure is transformed. Retirement age is accompanied by a decrease in heart mass and its frequency. Blood vessels lose elasticity, and a certain volume of blood is also lost. The respiratory system also changes. Due to changes in the tendons and ossification of the ribs, the chest ceases to be as mobile as before. And the lungs, accordingly, cannot cope with their task as quickly as before.

But, of course, everything here also depends on physiology. People can look and feel great at 65 and at 70. Again, what matters is lifestyle and how “tired” a person has been over the course of their existence. Age categories of people by year are one thing. But how they feel psychologically is completely different.

Eldership

This is the last period of life, it stands out conditionally. It usually lasts from 75 to 90-100 years. But this is in our time. In general, age periodization is a strange and controversial topic, especially if it concerns people who are “over 35.”

Remember, at least, the end of the 19th century. At that time, people 45-50 years old were considered very old, and it was time for them to retire! And this is actually inspiring in our time. It turns out that old age is gradually “receding”, and the duration of young ages is increasing as a result.

women and men 16–59 years old;

women 16–54 and men 16–59 years old.

2. The working population is:

women 16–54 and men 16–59 years old;

the entire population of working age;

the entire population is of working age;

a set of people of working age who, according to their psychophysiological data, are capable of participating in the labor process;

persons 16–59 years old, with the exception of non-working war and labor invalids of the 1st and 2nd groups and persons receiving pensions on preferential terms.

3. The economically active population is:

part of the population that provides its labor for the production of goods and services;

working (employed) able-bodied population;

unemployed people seeking work;

working and non-working working population;

the entire employed population, the unemployed and women on maternity leave and child care.

4 . Labor resources are:

the entire working population of the country;

working-age population of working age;

working age workers;

working and non-working able-bodied population, as well as those working younger and older than working age;

part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development and health, mental abilities and knowledge to work in the economy of the republic.

Lesson 3 . Employment and unemployment in the Republic of Belarus

Target classes: acquire knowledge of the structure of the labor market, problems of employment and unemployment.

Form holding: student conference.

Themes speeches(chosen by students):

The effectiveness of flexible forms of employment.

Youth unemployment.

Women's unemployment.

Economic behavior of unemployed men and women depending on the duration of unemployment.

Youth unemployment: problems, trends, prospects / Ed. Sokolova G.N. Mn., 1994. pp. 17-27.

Women's unemployment: problems, trends, prospects / Ed. Sokolova G.N. Mn., 1995. P. 9-29.

Flexible forms of labor as a mechanism for regulating employment // Social mechanisms for regulating the labor market / Ed. Sokolova G.N. Mn., 1998. pp. 174-178.

Employment and unemployment in the Republic of Belarus // Labor resource management: socio-economic aspect. Mn., 2002. P. 72-85.

Economic behavior of the unemployed in the context of unemployment duration. Mn. 1997. pp. 39-50.

Lesson 4 . Demographic aspects of formation

labor resources

Target classes: acquiring knowledge in the field of population migration in the Republic of Belarus, its territorial mobility, age and national composition.

Form carrying out: problem solving.

Initial data see table 23 and table. 24.

Initial data(Table 48):

Table 48

Population distribution by age groups 

Task three: analyze the age structure of the population of Belarus.

Initial data(Table 49):

Table 49

Age structure of the population (at the beginning of the year)  

Task four: analyze the structure of the population of the Republic of Belarus by national composition.

Initial data(Table 50):

Table 50

National composition of the population 

(according to population censuses, people)

Continuation of the table. 50

Task five: analyze the population dynamics of the republic.

Initial data(Table 51):

Table 51

Population of the Republic of Belarus 

(for the beginning of the year)

Task six: Using the example given, analyze the confrontation between older and younger age groups of the population, labor and social relations of the participants in the incident.

“The population of the village of Lapki, which is lost among the swamps and forests of Stolbtsovshchina, has been in a state of shock for several days now. The bodies of collective farm pensioners, grandmothers Valya and her neighbor Efrosinya, were discovered by fellow villagers...

It is believed that an unknown killer entered the homes of lonely grannies through a window. As a correspondent was told in the Atalez village council, on whose territory the village of Lapki is located, Valentina Pavlovna and Efrosinya Ivanovna lived quietly and rather modestly. And, nevertheless, according to the prosecutor of the Stolbtsovsky district Sergei Metelsky, among the motives for the crime is... self-interest. The grannies received a pension the day before, which brought a “tail” in the form of thugs into their home (7 days, No. 21, 05.26.01, p. 12). The crime was committed by a 23-year-old city resident, a native of the same village.”

Additional questions:

What age groups of the population are represented in the event being analyzed?

What are the age and role characteristics of these age groups?

What was the controversy about between them?

What crime prevention measures can be proposed in this case?

Additional data for discussion (Table 52):

Table 52

Certificate about pensions 

Lesson 5 . Territorial labor mobility

Target lessons: analyze the migration situation in Belarus, its main flows, trends, costs and efficiency.

Form implementation: game situation “I choose a village to live in.”

“Nikolai Grigorievich trustingly, simply, with pleasure and in detail told that he himself was a villager, left there a long time ago, worked all his life in warehouses, and now, in his old age, he was drawn back to the village...” (Shukshin V.M. Stories. M ., 1975. P. 30).

“Which country would you like to live in? The patriot’s answer will amaze you with its devotion: “In your own.” The cosmopolitan will surprise you with unheard of cynicism: “In the one where I will feel good.” But it’s good, as you know, where we are not. And therefore, in any case, it will seem to a person that the ideal country for life is somewhere far away... The undisputed leaders in assessing Belarusians’ personal understanding of an optimistic future are Germany and the United States. 36.8% and 17.8% of respondents would like to live the way they live in these countries. Next on this list are Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Lithuania and Latvia. Russia has a not very large percentage. But there are also a sufficient number of those to whom life in Belarus seems ideal (18.7%).

The opinion of UN experts who annually compile ratings of countries with a high level of human development: Canada, Norway, the USA, Australia, and Iceland traditionally lead in these ratings. Germany is only in 14th place.

Unsettled life quite naturally raises the question of the potential for emigration. How many residents of Belarus would like to leave their country? The indicator is quite alarming - one third of Belarusians (35%) are ready to do this. Germany, the USA and Poland lead the list of countries where citizens of our country would like to go to live.” (From the article by Shendrik M. Don’t leave your loved one unnecessarily // 7 days. No. 24 (06.16.01). P. 2.

Help 1.

In terms of population, Belarus ranks fifth among the CIS countries after Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Among European countries, Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Portugal, the Czech Republic and Yugoslavia have populations of ten million. (Population of the Republic of Belarus. Statistical collection. Mn., 2000. P. 7).

Help 2.

Cost of living index in various cities of the world: Tokyo first place in terms of cost (the cost of living in the capital of Japan is 140 standard points); 7th place in the list New York - 100 arbitrary points; 4th place in the world and the most expensive city in Europe - Oslo; Moscow fell back to 13th place. (Trud. July 10, 2001, p. 3).

Diagram 18. Game algorithm

Issues for discussion:

1. What country do you live in and why?

2. Which country do you want to live in and why?

3. Which country would you like your children to live in and why?

Lesson 6 . Sectoral mobility of labor resources

Target lessons: identify progressive trends in economic restructuring.

Form: scientific debate “Which industry do we need most?”

Functional Roles students choose:

- Prime Minister.

Representatives security forces ministries:

- Minister of Internal Affairs;

– Minister of Defense;

- Minister of Emergency Situations.

Representatives functional ministries:

– Minister of Labor and Social Protection;

– Minister of Economy;

- Minister of Finance;

– Minister of Statistics and Analysis.

Representatives sectoral ministries: industry; agriculture and food; forestry; architecture and construction; transport and communications; communications and information; trade; housing and communal services; healthcare; education; culture. (The names of line ministries have been clarified in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated February 12, 2004)

Industry representatives industry: Minister of Energy; Minister of Mechanical Engineering; Minister of Chemical Industry; Minister of Light Industry; Minister of Food Industry.

Production exercise: each participant selects statistical data for their industry and, based on them, tries to defend the right of their industry to exist and develop.

Initial data see table 38 and table. 42, 53.

“That means you’ll become a car mechanic after technical school,” inquires the head of the admissions department, Sergei Prokofiev, examining the broken head of an 18-year-old guy. “It’s a good profession, in a couple of hours you can earn as much as a doctor in a month... Come on,” the patient stretches out an incredulous smile.

“He doesn’t believe me,” the doctor turns to me. “Today, a novice traumatologist receives about 24 thousand a month, a manager with the first qualification category receives about 38. And this is for such hard work!” (Mytko O. Why is it difficult to be a traumatologist // 7 days. No. 40. (09/30/00). P. 7.

Table 53

Distribution of the population of Belarus and Russia by economic sector

(as a percentage of the total) 

Diagram 19. Discussion algorithm

Lesson 7 . Economic and social methods and mechanisms for managing labor movements

Target classes: learn, depending on the situation, to use and combine different methods of managing and managing the labor movements of workers.

Form carrying out: game situation “If I were the director...”. Each student offers his own answer: “If I were the director, then in the practice of labor and human resources management I would change the following...”

Approximate answer options:

“If I were the director, I would replace the name “old-age pension” with the name “labor pension.” After all, this pension is not assigned to every woman when she turns 55, but only to those who have worked for at least 20 years by that time. So old age has nothing to do with it. It's all about length of service."

“I would definitely introduce a dance lesson in schools (after all, we teach singing to those who have had a bear step on their ear!). Dancing is not just entertainment. Dancing is, first of all, an excellent means of communication. So who else, if not the school, should take up the task of fostering a culture of this communication.”

“...On the boards that surround the construction sites, in addition to what is written - the name of the object, the name of the construction organization and the name of the foreman - I would add: the commissioning date. Then everything written on such billboards would put the construction site under everyone’s control.”

“If I were the director,” G. Shvets, head of the public reception of the “Zabaikalsky Rabochiy”, wrote to the editor of Literaturnaya Gazeta, “I would change the procedure in which adopted children are not equated with their own children” (according to the pages of Literaturnaya Gazeta).

ACTIVITY – the degree of participation of workers in the labor process.

CERTIFICATION is a procedure for determining the suitability of an employee (his qualifications, business and other qualities) for the position held.

BALANCE is a method and form of labor resource management that expresses the balance between their sources and areas of use.

UNEMPLOYMENT is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the working-age population cannot find a job, becoming a relatively surplus population, a reserve army of labor.

UNEMPLOYED – a person who wants and can work, but does not have a job.

BUSINESS is an economic activity aimed at making a profit.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) is a general economic indicator of the result of labor at the societal level; expresses the value of goods and services produced in all sectors of the economy and intended for final consumption, accumulation and export.

VERTICAL MOBILITY - moving towards positions of higher prestige, income and power (social ascent) or moving down the social ladder (social degradation).

AGE STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYED – the ratio of individual unequal age groups in the total number of employees.

POPULATION REPRODUCTION – the process of constant renewal of generations of people due to the interaction of fertility and mortality; the result of the unity of three types of population movement: natural (fertility and mortality), spatial (emigration and immigration), social (social mobility).

DEMOGRAPHY is the science of population.

LAW is a necessary, essential, repeating relationship between the phenomena of the real world, which determines the stages and forms of development of nature and society.

REGULARITY is an objectively existing, repeating, significant connection between phenomena or processes.

EMPLOYMENT – participation of workers in the labor process.

WAGES are part of the newly created product, national income, allocated to workers for their personal consumption to satisfy material and spiritual needs, in order to ensure the reproduction of the population and labor resources of society.

EARNINGS – monetary income received by an employee for his work.

COSTS – expenses of raw materials, material, energy, natural and other resources.

PRODUCTION COSTS – the sum of all expenses in monetary terms for organizing the production of goods or provision of services.

INTEREST is the deepest reason for human activity to satisfy his individual needs.

CAREER – a programmed sequence of professional roles through which vertical mobility of individuals is carried out in the labor process.

QUALIFICATION STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYEES – the ratio of groups with different levels of education in the total number of employees.

QUALIFICATION – the degree of professional ability of an employee.

COMPETITIVENESS in the labor market is the ability of a labor force subject to withstand competition from real or potential applicants for his job or to apply for another, more prestigious one.

COMPETITION – rivalry between individual producers for the most favorable conditions of production and sales.

CRISIS is a state of decline in economic development.

MATERIAL INCENTIVES – conditions and forms of obtaining material benefits that encourage workers and work collectives to actively participate in socially useful work.

MANAGER is a highly qualified specialist in the field of organization and management.

MIGRATION POLICY is the activity of the state and public organizations aimed, using various levers and methods, at regulating migration processes.

MIGRATION is the process of moving people across the borders of certain territories with a change of permanent place of residence or with a regular return to it.

MOBILITY – movement from one social group to another.

MOTIVE is a motivating reason, a reason for any action.

MOTIVATION is an incentive to action.

POPULATION is a collection of people, naturally formed historically and continuously renewed in the process of reproduction of immediate life.

NOMINAL WAGE - the amount of money that employees receive.

NORM is a recognized mandatory order that regulates human behavior in a certain situation.

TOOLS – ways to facilitate and improve human labor activity.

INDUSTRY is a homogeneous social group of people, identified on the basis of the unity of the purpose of labor, labor factors, and the uniqueness of organizational, technical and socio-economic working conditions.

GENDER is a sign that an employee belongs to the female or male group of labor resources.

POLITICS is the art of government.

OBJECT is a substance of nature, the transformation of which in relation to human needs is aimed at the purposeful labor activity of people.

BONUSES are one of the forms of material incentives for high performance indicators and an important element in the organization of wages.

BONUS is a probabilistic part of earnings that may be received (or not received) by an employee depending on the completion (or failure) of certain additional work tasks.

PROFIT – partial income of an enterprise, used by society to ensure the interest of the enterprise team in the results of its economic activities; is defined as the difference between sales revenue and production costs.

PRIVATIZATION is the process of transferring state property to private property.

PROGRESS – moving forward, changing for the better.

PRODUCTS are the result of labor in the material sphere.

LABOR PRODUCTIVITY – an indicator of labor productivity; characterized by the amount of product produced per unit of time, or the time spent on producing a unit of product.

SIMPLE LABOR – work that does not require special training from the employee.

PROFESSION – the main type of employment, an income-generating activity not prohibited by law.

LABOR PROCESS is the process of combining and consuming labor and means of production in order to create new use values.

REAL WAGE - the amount of goods and services that can be purchased for a nominal wage.

REGIONAL – related to any area (region), territorially limited.

REGRESS – moving backward, changing for the worse.

REDUCTION – reduction of elements of complex work to simple ones.

RESERVE – stock of production resources.

RESULT is the ultimate goal of expedient work activity.

RESOURCE – source of production costs.

MARKET is the sphere of the economy in which the process of commodity circulation, the exchange of goods and services between sellers and buyers, takes place.

LABOR MARKET – a system of economic relations for the purchase and sale of goods “labor power”, within the framework of which the demand, supply and price of labor resources are formed.

HIDDEN UNEMPLOYMENT is a type of unemployment when the number of workers in production exceeds what is objectively necessary.

COMPLEX LABOR – the work of a qualified employee is associated with significant additional costs for training, training and education of a qualified employee.

SOCIAL GROUP is a collection of individuals who have certain common characteristics.

MEANS OF PRODUCTION - a set of means of labor and objects of labor involved in the production process and used by people to create material wealth.

INCENTIVE - a reward or benefit that can motivate a person to be more active.

STIMULATION is a set of economic and social measures (levers) capable of directing people’s work activities towards the desired goal.

STRATIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS are a means of separating people into layers and groups and a means of uniting them into qualitatively homogeneous structures of society.

STRUCTURE is the relationship of individual groups among themselves and in relation to the entire population as a whole.

STRUCTURE OF LABOR RESOURCES - the ratio of individual, homogeneous in internal content specific groups, identified according to a certain characteristic, in the total number of employees.

STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT is unemployment that arises in connection with technological changes, as a result of which the new structure of jobs does not correspond to the existing professional and qualification structure of the workforce.

TREND – the direction of development of a phenomenon or process.

GOODS are a product of labor that has value and is distributed in society through exchange.

LABOR is the expedient activity of people to create material or spiritual goods necessary to meet the needs of people and society as a whole.

LABOR RESOURCES - part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development and health, mental abilities and knowledge to work in the economy of the republic. It is calculated as the working and non-working working population, as well as the working population younger and older than working age.

YOUTH LABOR RESOURCES - a set of young people who have the ability to work and have reached the age of access to work (from 16 to 29 years).

WORKING POPULATION - a set of people of working age who, according to their psychophysiological data, are capable of participating in the labor process.

WORK ABILITY – a person’s physical and intellectual ability to work.

SATISFACTION is a subjective characteristic of attitude towards work.

MANAGEMENT - coordination of the labor efforts of individual workers in the production process.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE is the ratio of the number of unemployed people registered with the state employment service to the number of economically active population.

LIVING STANDARD - the degree to which the population is provided with the material and spiritual goods necessary for life.

EMPLOYMENT RATE - the share of the labor force that is employed at a certain moment in the total economically active population.

WORKING CONDITIONS – a set of factors in the working environment that influence human health and performance during the work process.

SERVICES are the result of labor in the non-productive sphere.

CAPITAL EQUIPMENT OF LABOR - the degree of equipment of labor with production fixed assets; determined by dividing the average annual value of funds by the average annual number of employees.

FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT – some people are in the process of changing jobs, i.e. at the stage of dismissal, search for a new job, registration of employment.

FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYEES - the ratio of separate groups of workers, unequal in their role in the production process.

FUNCTION – dependence between various socio-economic processes or quantities.

GOAL is one of the main elements of a person’s conscious activity, characterizing the mental anticipation of the result of his work.

PRICE is the monetary expression of the cost of goods and services.

VALUE is a special social relationship through which the needs and interests of an individual or social group are transferred to the world of things, objects, and spiritual phenomena.

CYCLE is a time-limited process of labor activity.

CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT – unemployment caused by a decline in production and a decrease in demand for labor.

NUMBER is a quantitative characteristic of labor resources.

ECONOMY is the art of managing a business.

ECONOMIC POLICY is a course of action aimed at correcting an economic problem or avoiding its occurrence.

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION – part of the population that provides its labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population includes the employed population and the unemployed registered with the state employment service.

ENERGY EQUIPMENT OF LABOR – the availability of labor with energy of all types.

EFFECT – full or partial achievement of certain technical, economic or social goals.

EFFICIENCY is the ratio of the results (effects) of human activity to the resources expended.

Diagram 17. Crossword: basic concepts about labor

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Educational edition

Kuropyatnik Inna Ivanovna