Special educational needs - what is it? Basic human needs. Classification of needs according to Maslow OOP, common to various categories of children

In order to develop, a person is forced to satisfy various needs, which are called requirements.

Need is a person’s need for something that constitutes a necessary condition for his existence. The motives (from the Latin movere - to set in motion, to push) of activity reveal human needs.

Types of human needs

Biological (organic, material) - needs for food, clothing, housing, etc.

Social - needs for communication with other people, for social activities, for public recognition, etc.

Spiritual (ideal, cognitive) - needs for knowledge, creative activity, creation of beauty, etc.

Biological, social and spiritual needs are interconnected. In humans, biological needs in their essence, unlike animals, become social. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones: the need for knowledge often acts as a means of acquiring a profession and taking a worthy position in society.

There are other classifications of needs, for example the following:

1) Primary (congenital):
- physiological: in reproduction, food, breathing, clothing, housing, rest, etc.;
- existential (from Latin exsistentia - existence): in the security of one’s existence, comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc.

2) Secondary (purchased):
- social: in social connections, communication, affection, care for another person and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities;
- prestigious: in self-esteem, respect from others, recognition, achieving success and high praise, career growth;
- spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization.

This classification was developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow.

The needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

One should remember about reasonable limitation of needs, since, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, needs should not contradict the moral norms of society.

Reasonable needs are needs that help the development in a person of his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.

Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations.

Interest (from Latin interest - to have meaning) is a person’s purposeful attitude towards any object of his need.

People's interests are directed not so much at the objects of need, but at those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, first of all, material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs.

Interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives for various types of activities.

There are several classifications of interests:
- according to their carrier: individual; group; the whole society.
- by focus: economic; social; political; spiritual.

Inclination must be distinguished from interest. The concept of “interest” expresses focus on a specific subject. The concept of “inclination” expresses a focus on a certain activity.

Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity).

A person’s interests express the direction of his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activities, etc.

Hello, friends. Today we will talk about human needs. Oh, how many things we want at once! Moreover, sometimes desires change literally at the speed of light (this is especially true for the fair half of humanity).

But there are several basic needs that almost every person strives to satisfy throughout life. Let's look at them in more detail.

The need for survival. The survival instinct is the most powerful instinct of a human being. Every person wants to save his life, protect his family, friends, and compatriots from danger. Only after receiving a guarantee of survival does a person begin to think about satisfying other needs.

Need for security. Once a person receives guarantees of survival, he begins to think about the safety of every aspect of his life:

• Financial security– every person is afraid of poverty and material losses and strives to overcome them. It is expressed in the desire to save and increase wealth.
• Emotional safety necessary for a person to feel comfortable.
• Physical Security– every person, to a certain level, needs food, warmth, shelter and clothing.

The need for security does not mean that a person needs an armored door. He may well want to purchase high-quality wallpaper that will serve him for a long time.

Need for comfort. As soon as a person reaches a minimum level of security and safety, he begins to strive for comfort. He invests a huge amount of time and money to create a cozy home environment and strives to create comfortable conditions at work. To do this, he chooses products that are convenient and easy to use.

Need for free time. People want to relax as much as possible and look for any opportunity to stop work and relax. The focus of most people is evenings, weekends and vacations. Leisure time activities play a central role in human behavior and decision making.

Need for love. People have an urgent need to build and maintain loving relationships. Everything a person does is aimed either at achieving love or at compensating for a lack of love. An adult personality is formed in the conditions of love received or not received in childhood. The desire to create reliable conditions for love is the main reason for human behavior.

The need for respect. A person strives to earn the respect of other people. The bulk of human activity is aimed at this. Loss of respect can be a significant cause of dissatisfaction, and obtaining a high-ranking position can be a greater incentive than a high salary.

The need for self-realization. The highest desire of a person throughout his life is the realization of the creative potential of the individual, his talents and abilities. A person's motivation is aimed at achieving whatever they are capable of achieving. The need for self-realization can be stronger than all other motivations.

Despite the fact that people have a lot of needs and desires, they can be divided into certain groups. American psychologist Abraham Harold Maslow compiled all human needs into a structure, or pyramid of needs, which is a simplified presentation of his ideas.

Maslow's classification of needs reflects one of the most famous theories of motivation today - the theory of the hierarchy of needs. Maslow analyzed all human needs and arranged them in the form of a pyramid.

Maslow believed that a person cannot experience higher level needs if he lacks simpler things. For example, a person who has nothing to eat does not need recognition and approval. But when hunger is satisfied, higher order needs appear.

Maslow's Extended Pyramid (7 steps)

The same needs manifest themselves differently in different people, since everyone has their own motives, abilities, life experiences, and goals. For example, one person's need for respect and recognition may be expressed in the desire to become a great scientist, while for another it is enough to be respected by friends and parents. The same can be said about any needs, even about food - one person is happy if he has bread, another needs delicacies for complete happiness.

Maslow took as the basis for his classification of needs the thesis that human behavior is determined by basic needs, which can be arranged in the form of steps, depending on the significance and need to satisfy them for a person. Let's look at them, starting with the first one.

Primary (innate) human needs

The first level is physiological needs(thirst, hunger, rest, motor activity, reproduction, breathing, clothing, housing). This is the most pronounced group of human needs. A poor person, according to Maslow, experiences, first of all, physiological needs. If the question arises between satisfying hunger and social approval, most people will choose food.

The second level is the need for security(safety of existence, comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future). A healthy, well-fed person feels the need for security and wants to ensure reasonable order, structure and predictability of his environment. For example, he wants to receive certain social guarantees during employment.

Secondary (acquired) human needs

Third level – social needs(social connections, communication, affection, caring for another person, attention to oneself, participation in joint activities). After satisfying physiological needs and ensuring security, a person wants to receive the warmth of friendly, family or love relationships. He is looking for a social group that will satisfy these needs and relieve the feeling of loneliness. In particular, various organizations, groups, circles, and interest clubs play such a role.

Level four – prestigious needs(self-esteem, respect from others, recognition from society, achieving success and high praise, career growth). Every person needs society to evaluate their merits and achievements. But he begins to believe in himself and his strengths only after achieving something in life and earning recognition and reputation for himself.

Fifth level – spiritual needs(self-realization, self-affirmation, self-expression, self-development through creativity). According to Maslow's theory, a person feels the need for self-expression only after satisfying all lower-level needs.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that a person must first satisfy the needs located at the bottom of the pyramid, and only then realize that he wants to satisfy the need located at the next level. That is, this sequential arrangement of basic needs in the hierarchy is fundamental in the organization of human motivation.

Most people do this, but there are exceptions to this theory. For example, people of science and art can develop and self-realize, despite hunger, disease and social problems. For some people, their values ​​and ideals are so important that they would rather endure any hardship than give them up.

People can also sometimes create their own hierarchy of needs and put other values ​​first, such as respect and career growth, rather than family and children.

A person's needs also depend on age. For example, satisfaction of physiological needs and the need for safety is more typical for children, the need for belonging and love - for teenagers, the need for self-expression - for people over 40 years old.

Maslow suggested that the average person satisfies his or her needs to the following extent:

• 85% physiological
• 70% safety and protection
• 50% love and belonging
• 40% self-esteem
• 10% self-realization

Moreover, it does not matter at what level of the pyramid of needs a person is at the moment. If difficulties arise in satisfying lower level needs, the person will return there and remain until these needs are sufficiently satisfied.

But this is all theory. Let's practice a little. Do you know your needs? Have you categorized your needs? If not, let's do it right now.

Think about what is more important to you – buying sweets or toys for your child, your spouse’s approval or a bonus? Whatever you choose, it is important to know your purpose in life and, without retreating from it, move forward.

I wish you, dear readers, to achieve satisfaction of all your needs.

Introduction

1. Emergence of needs

3. Needs in different periods of human life

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Need is born from a feeling of lack of something. Psychologists say that a person experiences a need when he feels a physiological or mental lack of something. Although a particular person at a particular time may not have a need in the sense of consciously feeling it, there are certain needs that every person can feel.

As A. Marshall wrote, “man’s needs and desires are endless.” A hundred years later, the great economist’s compatriot, the authoritative psychologist M. Argyle, notes approximately the same thing: “We do not yet know the complete list of human needs.”

The main problems of needs analysis are to establish their composition, hierarchy, boundaries, levels and possibilities of satisfaction. These problems are closely interrelated.

Currently, the classification proposed by the American psychologist A. Maslow is considered the main one. He identifies five groups of needs: physiological, security, belonging (to a team, society), recognition and self-realization (self-expression). These groups form a hierarchical structure, i.e. it is assumed that needs are satisfied sequentially in the order in which they are listed. This diagram is usually depicted as a pyramid or ladder of needs.

In textbooks on general economic theory, it is common to divide needs into primary (for food, clothing, housing, procreation) and secondary (for communication, knowledge, development). It is usually noted that such a grouping is conventional even for an individual at different periods of his life.

1. Emergence of needs

The formation of human needs in ontogenesis - the development of forms of intentionality of activity - through the appropriation of new socially developed objects with which biological needs are associated. Imitation, oriented towards significant adults or reference groups, plays a significant role in this.

The individual is an integrated, organized whole. The whole person is motivated, not part of him. When a person is hungry, he is all hungry: he wants to eat, and not just his stomach.

According to Maslow, a characteristic can be considered a basic need if it satisfies the following conditions:

1 Its absence leads to disease 2. Its presence prevents disease 3. Its restoration cures the disease. 4. In certain, very complex, situations of free choice, the subject prefers to satisfy this particular need 5. In a healthy person, it can be passive, function at a low level or be functionally absent.

· Physiological needs

The most basic, the most powerful, the most imperative of all human needs are those associated with physical survival: the needs for food, water, shelter, sexual gratification, sleep and oxygen. A subject who lacks food, self-esteem and love will first of all demand food and, until this need is satisfied, will ignore or push into the background all other needs. Physiological needs have a powerful influence on human behavior. But this only happens until they are satisfied. Maslow believes that throughout his life a person almost always desires something, he is a “desiring animal” and “rarely achieves a state of complete satisfaction, except for a short time. As soon as one desire is satisfied, another appears in its place.”

Security needs

Once physiological needs are sufficiently satisfied, those that Maslow describes as safety needs come to the fore. Since they are usually satisfied in a healthy normal adult, they are easier to understand by observing children or neurotic adults. Child psychologists and teachers have discovered that children need a predictable world: the child prefers consistency, correctness, and a certain routine. When these elements are missing, he begins to experience anxiety and uncertainty. Therefore, freedom within certain limits is preferable to complete permissiveness: according to Maslow, it is precisely such freedom that is necessary for children to develop good adaptation to the world around them.

Dependency and love needs

When physiological and safety needs are satisfied, the needs for love, affection and dependence take center stage. Love, as Maslow understands it, should not be confused with sexual attraction, which can be considered a purely physiological need. Maslow states that the absence of love suppresses personal growth and the development of an individual’s potential.

Maslow says, "Love requires both giving and receiving... We must understand love; we must be able to learn it, create it, predict it, or the world will be consumed by hostility and suspicion."

· Assessment needs

Maslow identified two categories of evaluation needs that a person has: the need for self-esteem and the need for evaluation by others. The first category covers needs such as the desire for self-confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence and freedom. Respect from others includes concepts such as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation and evaluation itself. Maslow considers it theoretically possible that the desire for freedom may be a basic psychological need, but points out that there is a lack of adequate scientific evidence to support this view.

Self-actualization needs

Highlighting the psychological need for personal growth, development, and use of one's potential - what Maslow calls self-actualization - is an important aspect of his theory of human motivation. Maslow discovered that the need for self-actualization usually occurs when the needs for love and appreciation are largely satisfied.

· Desire to know and understand

Maslow believes that one of the characteristics of mental health is curiosity.

Aesthetic needs

Behavioral science has generally ignored the possibility that humans have an instinctive (or something close to it) need for beauty. Maslow discovered that, at least in some individuals, this need is very deep, and confrontation with the ugly truly makes them sick. Maslow points out that aesthetic needs are related to the image of oneself.

Maslow's observations indicate that the need for beauty is almost obligatory in healthy children. Evidence of aesthetic needs has been found at any age and in any culture, starting with cavemen.

2. Characteristics of basic needs

Basic needs are usually discovered and experienced in the above order. However, there are many exceptions. Some individuals, for example, may prefer self-esteem to love from others. Or, say, a person who has been unemployed for a long time may have dulled the desires associated with higher needs, since he had to look for food for many years. In a psychopathic personality, the needs for love and affection are so greatly frustrated that the desire to love and receive love is lost. There are, of course, many historical examples of how people who become martyrs of an idea completely neglect their basic needs.

People who are fortunate enough to be born into circumstances that allow their basic needs to be met develop such a strong and integral character that they can withstand the frustration of these needs for significant periods of time. Meeting basic needs early in life, especially in the first two years of life, is very important. As Maslow says: “People who become confident and strong in their early years tend to remain so later in the face of various threats.”

Maslow also warns against taking too strict a view of the hierarchy of needs. It should not be assumed that the need for security does not arise until the need for food is fully satisfied, or that the need for love does not arise until the need for security is fully satisfied. Most people in our society have most of their basic needs partially satisfied, but some unsatisfied basic needs remain. They are the ones who have the greatest influence on behavior. When a need is satisfied, it has little effect on motivation. “A desire satisfied,” says Maslow, “is no longer a desire.”

People may or may not be aware of their basic needs. “In the average person,” writes Maslow, “they are much more often unconscious than conscious... although appropriate techniques and sophisticated people can help to become aware of them.” Behavior, as noted above, is the result of many forces. It may be the result not only of several basic needs combining in some way, but also of personal habits, past experiences, individual talents and abilities, and the external environment. As Maslow points out: “If, in response to the stimulus word “table,” I immediately imagine an image of a table or say “chair,” this response has no relation to my basic needs.”

Perhaps only someone familiar with previous psychological theories can fully understand how radical these ideas were for most behavioral researchers. Maslow describes this as "...the collapse of the established, recognized and seemingly immutable laws of psychology."

According to Maslow, truth, goodness and beauty in the average person in our culture only weakly adjust to each other, and in a neurotic it is even weaker. Only in a developed and mature person, in a self-actualizing, fully functioning personality, do they correct so strongly that in relation to all practical goals they seem to merge. I would now add that this is also true for other people in relation to their peak experiences.

“This result, if correct,” notes Maslow, “is in direct contradiction to one of the original axioms that guide all scientific thinking. According to it, the more objective perception becomes, the more distant it is from values; fact and value have almost always been considered by intellectuals as antinomic and mutually exclusive."

3. Needs in different periods of human life

The condition for the emergence of intellectual and spiritual needs is the functioning of the physiological systems of the human body. However, many authors make this dependence absolute. Sometimes Maslow's scheme is presented as if the needs for creativity and self-realization can appear only after all other needs have been fully satisfied. For example, one of the most famous marketing specialists, F. Kotler, illustrates Maslow’s pyramid with the following reasoning from US resident Betty Smith, who was planning to buy an expensive camera: “What light does Maslow’s theory shed on Betty Smith’s interest in purchasing a camera? One can guess that Betty has already satisfied her physiological, self-preservation and social needs, which do not motivate her interest in cameras. And interest in a camera can stem either from a strong need for respect from others, or from a need for self-affirmation. Betty wants to realize her creative potential and express herself through photography."

From this quote and other descriptions of Mrs. Betty Smith’s consumer behavior, which F. Kotler sets out on several pages of his book, it follows that the named lady needs only a Nikon camera to be completely happy at the top of Maslow’s pyramid.

Although some consistency in meeting needs undoubtedly exists, it cannot be considered the same for all people. There are known facts when the need for creativity and spiritual improvement became dominant not after satisfying all other needs (physiological, involvement, recognition, etc.), but, essentially, on the verge of survival, when the basic needs for food were not yet satisfied, housing and security.

Experience shows that the hierarchy of needs is predominantly individual or group. What can be considered general is that the satisfaction of the needs of existence at a certain basic level is a necessary condition for the formation of all other needs. Consequently, when classifying needs, not only their types, but also their levels of satisfaction should be taken into account.

Thus, the classification schemes known to us do not take into account:

1) the entire range of human needs;

2) individual differences in the composition, hierarchy and significance of needs;

3) levels of need satisfaction;

4) the dependence of needs on the values ​​and goals of a person’s life.

To take these factors into account, it is advisable, first of all, to divide needs into two types: the needs of existence and the needs of achieving life goals.

I believe that the needs of belonging should also be classified as this type. This is determined by the fact that a person cannot exist for any long time outside of any group (in particular, a family).

The following main levels of satisfying the needs of existence can be distinguished: 1) minimal, 2) basic, 3) luxury level.

Minimum the level of satisfaction of the needs of existence ensures human survival.

Base(normal) level provides the opportunity for the emergence of significant intellectual and spiritual needs. This level can be determined both subjectively and objectively. In the first case, the criterion for achieving the basic level is the time that a person is occupied with thoughts about meeting the needs for food, clothing, housing and security. It is advisable to assume that this time should not exceed half of the waking time. An objective assessment of the basic level can be the consumer budget, which experts consider necessary for various types of activities. In particular, the work of miners is among the most intense and dangerous. Therefore, the costs of food and rest for miners are objectively higher than for office personnel.

Level of luxury it is proposed to consider one in which the satisfaction of the needs of existence above the basic level becomes an end in itself and/or a means of demonstrating a high social status. At the level of luxury, a person “lives to eat, not eats to live.” Characteristics of an appropriate lifestyle are available in the works of A. Marshall, T. Veblen and many other authors.

Thus, after achieving the basic level of satisfying the needs of existence, the needs to achieve life goals are formed, which, it is advisable to differentiate into four groups:

1) material benefits for the individual and family;

2) power and glory;

3) knowledge and creativity;

4) spiritual improvement.

Depending on individual inclinations, abilities and aspirations, in some people, after achieving the basic level of satisfaction of the needs of existence, the desire to maximize the consumption of material goods will dominate; for others - to power and glory; for others - to knowledge and creativity; for the fourth - to spiritual improvement.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow

· Growth needs are equivalent (not hierarchically ordered)

Conclusion

In this test, I examined in detail the issue related to the concept of need at various stages of human life. From the above we can conclude that:

· Need – born from a feeling of lack of something. Psychologists say that a person experiences a need when he feels a physiological or mental lack of something.

· It is accepted to divide needs into primary (for food, clothing, housing, procreation) and secondary (for communication, knowledge, development). It is usually noted that such a grouping is conventional even for an individual at different periods of his life.

· Although some consistency in meeting needs undoubtedly exists, it cannot be considered the same for all people. Experience shows that the hierarchy of needs is predominantly individual or group. What can be considered general is that the satisfaction of the needs of existence at a certain basic level is a necessary condition for the formation of all other needs. Consequently, when classifying needs, not only their types, but also their levels of satisfaction should be taken into account.

· Depending on individual inclinations, abilities and aspirations, in some people, after achieving the basic level of satisfaction of the needs of existence, the desire to maximize the consumption of material goods will dominate; for others - to power and glory; for others - to knowledge and creativity; for the fourth - to spiritual improvement.

Bibliography

1. Vygotsky L.S. Thinking and speech. - M., 1978

2. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology - M, 1996

3. Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook. - Moscow: “Enlightenment”, 1995

4. Petrovsky A.V. “Introduction to Psychology” - M, 1995

5. Stolyarenko L.D., Lavrinenko V.N. Fundamentals of Psychology - Rostov-on-Don, 1999

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When writer Maggie O'Farrell was eight years old, she had to miss a year of school due to a viral infection, a period echoed in her memoir, I Am, I Am, I Am, imbued with a sense of fragility. The writer has a daughter whose autoimmune disease constantly puts her life in danger. Maggie O'Farrell has compiled some recommendations for parents whose children are chronically ill.

Synonyms

If your child has “special needs,” make a list of synonyms for those “special”: additional, extra, auxiliary, new, expanded, and so on. Re-read this list and remember it - these are new words for your life.

Books on education

Sometimes reading parenting books will drive you crazy: they will mostly talk about neurotypical, healthy children who are confident and ready to become increasingly independent. You can safely throw these books into the corner. Or use them to light the fireplace, or as a hot stand. You can tear out pages from them and make origami cranes out of them. Remember, you have the right to avoid things that make you feel worse.

House

Whatever your child's special needs - physical, immune, neurological, emotional, psychological - the main thing is that he perceives home as a safe place, a place of unconditional love and acceptance. Your task is to give the child this home, this is the right. When children are at home, no one should criticize, judge or ridicule them. This is necessary for both children and you.

All for one

If one of your family members is sick, then everyone else should understand this. The illness of one touches the lives of everyone else. I never forgot for a moment that all three of my children bear the burden that my middle daughter suffers. When she was picked up by the ambulance last year, her four-year-old sister held her hand so tightly that we literally had to pull her away. My priority then was the girl on the stretcher, but I knew that her little sister at home would never forget how she was pulled away from her sister, so when I returned home, I tried to calm the baby down as much as possible.

Witness the pain

You may have to witness your child's suffering. It will be harder than you think. Hearing your beloved child moan, scream, complain - nothing tears a parent’s heart like that. You will remember the timbre, rhythm, volume of this crying even after years. It's hard to go through, but it will give you a special strength that you will learn from your children. You will no longer be able to act without empathy, you will not be able to suppress your instinct to help those who need it.

A person, not a symptom

You will be driven to despair by people who see your child not as a person, but as a list of symptoms. Very often it is my daughter’s health, her skin, her special needs that people perceive as her essence. One day I heard someone address her as “the girl with gloves,” and I wanted to ask: “What else can you see in this child?”

Life - yes!

You decide that despite all the restrictions, your child will live his life to the fullest. And you become a mother who tells the children: of course, climb higher, jump into the water, try, come on, climb on that big bike/skate/slope!

Be near

When your daughter feels isolated, rejected, despite your best efforts, you must look her in the eyes and say: yes, this is all very painful, I would like to change places with you if I could. Tell her she is not alone. That everyone has their own struggle in life. It's not always as noticeable as a skin disease, not as dramatic as anaphylactic shock, but everyone must respond to certain challenges.

Understanding

Sometimes you can be annoyed by people who claim that they understand perfectly well what you are going through, because even oatmeal makes their stomach ache. Or the child has been coughing for a week and it is impossible to sleep. Or something like that. There are also hyper-sympathizers who will say with tears in their voices that they have no idea how you are coping. In all of these situations, the ideal response would be a neutral nod of the head.

Misunderstanding

There will always be people who can't understand what you live with, no matter how much you explain. They will impatiently demand that you be present where you cannot be, participate in what you cannot participate in. They insist, are indignant, offended. It’s strange, but among them there are even good friends and close relatives. Tell yourself that you cannot change them. Tell them how important their support is to you.

Doctors

When you go to the doctor together, put your child in headphones and play audiobooks. This way you can calmly listen to everything the doctor says. Do not forget that the child does not hear, but sees the expression on your face - smile.

Friends

There will always be people who will drive their children away from yours, “so as not to get infected,” but there will also be friends who will check the recipe for the pie they invite you to five times - so that the child does not get prohibited foods, children who will protect him at school , teachers who will make sure that he is not offended.

Why

Stop torturing yourself with endless “why?”: “Why did this happen to my child?” etc. These questions will only drain you. Why does my daughter have an immune disease, chronic eczema and potentially fatal allergies? I've heard the following theories: I have amalgam fillings, trauma in a past life, vaccination, IVF conception, the influence of my slight asthma and my husband's slight eczema. Forget the “why” and work on the “how”. How will you deal with this?

Time for yourself

One day, a nurse at the hospital told me that I needed to take time for myself. I was just standing in the hospital toilet and crying. I had a sick and suffering three-year-old, a baby whom I had not yet seen that day, and a nine-year-old child in a cast on both legs. And I also had a job. At first I couldn’t believe my ears: where will I find time for myself? Crazy advice, I understand, but just a little time to nourish yourself with what gives you peace and joy is what everyone needs. Or rather, you can “feed on” joy in the process of receiving it, do not forget to rejoice: good tests this time? Rejoice!

Worse or better

Remember, you will never be perfect, you can only try your best. And one more thing: there will always be mothers and children who are now worse off than you. When I enter the hospital, I pass by a door marked “Children’s Oncology.” And then I feel grateful that the door I need says “Immunology.” You have your child. Is he with you. Not every mother can say this.

/ Needs

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Human needs

17.1 Concept of needs

Need- there is a state of need for certain living conditions, activities, material objects, people or certain social factors, without which a given individual experiences a state of discomfort.

The evolution of living beings cannot be explained only by adaptation to their environment. Activity is always more promising than defense. Needs are the source of activity of living beings. These are genetic programs aimed at mastering the environment. The more needs a living organism has, the more active it is, the greater its expansion, the higher its competitiveness in the struggle for existence. Of all the living organisms living on Earth, humans have the most needs. Some people devote all their strength to their careers, others selflessly engage in science, and still others spend their lives in a philosophical search for the meaning of life.

Features of the needs:

1. Needs are always related to a person’s availability feelings of dissatisfaction, which is caused by a shortage of what is required.

2. Needs determine selectivity of perception of the world, fixing a person’s attention on those objects that can satisfy this need (“A hungry godfather has only bread on his mind,” “Whoever hurts, talks about it.”)

3. The presence of need is accompanied emotions: first, as the need intensifies, negative, and then, if it is satisfied, positive.

4. Number of needs increases in the process of phylogenesis and ontogenesis. Thus, the number of needs increases in the evolutionary series: plants - primitive animals - highly developed animals - humans, as well as in the ontogenetic series: newborn - infant - preschooler - schoolchild - adult.

5. Human needs form hierarchical system, where each need has its own level of significance. As they are satisfied, they give way to other needs.

As any need is realized and realized, at the same time there is a natural change in motivation caused by this need. Options for changing motivation in the process of realizing a need are shown in Fig. 17.1:

The dashed lines show the evolution of motivation when it is impossible to satisfy the need.

17.2 Classification of needs

There are many classifications of needs. The first classification divides all needs by origin into two large groups - natural and cultural (Fig. 17.2). The first of them are programmed at the genetic level, and the second are formed in the process of social life.

The second classification (by level of complexity) divides needs into biological, social and spiritual.

Biological ones include a person’s desire to maintain his existence (the need for food, clothing, sleep, safety, saving energy, etc.).

Social needs include a person’s need for communication, for popularity, for dominance over other people, for belonging to a certain group, for leadership and recognition.

A person’s spiritual needs are the need to know the world around him and himself, the desire for self-improvement and self-realization, to know the meaning of one’s existence.

Usually a person simultaneously has more than ten unfulfilled needs at the same time, and his subconscious mind ranks them in order of importance, forming a rather complex hierarchical structure known as Abraham Maslow’s pyramid. According to the idea of ​​this American psychologist, its lower level consists of physiological needs, then comes the need for security (by realizing which a person seeks to avoid emotions of fear), higher is the need for love, then the need for respect and recognition, and at the very top of the pyramid is the individual’s desire for self-actualization. However, these needs far from exhaust the set of actual human needs. No less important are the needs for knowledge, freedom and beauty. Therefore, it makes sense to supplement A. Maslow’s concept with several more needs (Fig. 17.3). The content of the needs of each level is described in more detail in Table. 17.3.

Table 17.3 Contents of the levels of the pyramid of needs

№	Level needs
	Physiological (biological) needs	Human needs for food, drink, oxygen, optimal temperature and air humidity, rest, sexual activity, etc.
	Need in security and stability	The need for stability in the existence of the current order of things. Confidence in the future, the feeling that nothing threatens you, and your old age will be secure.
	The need to acquire, accumulate and capture	The need for not always motivated acquisition of material assets. Excessive manifestation of this need leads to greed, greed, stinginess
	Need in love and belonging to a group