Space-planning scheme of buildings. Space-planning solutions Stages of development of space-planning solutions

The space-planning solution of a residential building is developed on the basis of the functional solution of the building, taking into account all the processes occurring in the dwelling and the relationships between them. This is done on a zoning basis.

Depending on the nature of the life processes taking place in the premises of the dwelling, they are divided into two main functional areas. First designed for rest, sleep and, possibly, for classes (bedroom). Second for household processes, communication, receiving guests, recreation, i.e. for daytime and evening activities (common room - dining-living room, kitchen, bathroom, utility rooms).

The first zone should be as far away from noise sources as possible (kitchen, common room, hallway), and consist of non-passage bedrooms. The second should be with a convenient interconnection of all rooms for daytime activity and with the entrance to the apartment.

Depending on the position in the building and in relation to the ground level, several types of floors are distinguished: above-ground - when the floor of the premises is not lower than the planning ground level; basement - the floor of the premises is located below the planning mark, but not more than half the height of the room; basement - the floor is ruined by more than half the height of the premises; attic - the premises are located in the volume of the attic.

The technical underground is intended for laying engineering networks. If necessary, zoning of sanitary systems in high-rise buildings, technical floors are arranged, in which engineering networks and equipment are placed.

When determining the number of storeys of a building, the number of floors includes all above-ground floors, including the attic and basement, if the top of its floor is at least 2 m above the planning elevation of the ground.

With a different number of floors in separate parts of the building or its placement on a site with a large slope, the number of storeys is determined separately for each part of the building.

Living rooms in apartment buildings and dormitories are allowed to be placed only on the above-ground and attic floors, while the height of the floor from floor to floor must be 2.9 m, and the height of living quarters from floor to ceiling must be at least 2.5 m. In special climatic conditions (subdistricts IA, IB, IG, ID, IVA), the floor height should be 3.0 m, and the height of the living quarters from floor to ceiling should be at least 2.7 m. The height of the corridors leading to the utility rooms must be at least 2.1 m.

The height of the basement, basement and technical floors must be at least 1.9 m from the floor to protruding structures or utilities.

In the first, second and basement floors of residential buildings it is allowed to place premises of trade enterprises, public catering, consumer services, premises for working with children and adolescents. Exceptions are large trade and public catering enterprises and enterprises whose work may disrupt the normal life of the population (noise, smells, fumes, etc.). All public premises must have entrances isolated from the residential part of the building. Loading of trade and public catering enterprises with goods and products should be carried out from the end of a building that does not have windows, or from special unloading rooms with an entrance to them from the street.

According to its space-planning structure the most massive are multi-apartmentsectional houses , in which groups of apartments are located floor by floor around one staircase and elevator node and have entrances from landings or from elevator halls.

Sectional houses are acceptable in any climatic region, are convenient for planning medium-sized apartments of a mass type, are carried out in simple design schemes with complete unification of elements. Sectional houses are the most economical in construction and effective in providing apartments with engineering amenities.

A feature of the space-planning structure of a sectional house is the presence one communication node(entrance, vestibule, staircase) to a group of apartments that is part of the section (or block section).

Sectional houses are distinguished by some typological features; number of floors, length, number of apartments, orientation.

The length of a sectional house is determined by the number of its constituent sections or block sections. Depending on the number of floors, length and type of sections, the number of apartments in the building also fluctuates.

The residential section is a cell consisting of several apartments located around the stairwell. Sections and block sections differ in their location in the building plan, the number of apartments that make them up, and orientation.

According to the location in the building plan, the sections are divided into ordinary, end, corner rotary, insert sections. The basis of the plan is ordinary sections. A section can be from two to eight apartments. However, for low and medium-rise houses, sections into two, three and four apartments are used.

The number of apartments and their planning mutual arrangement determine the possible orientation of the section according to the cardinal points, in connection with which there are meridional and latitudinal sections. The meridional sections have a limited orientation, the latitudinal sections have a free and partially limited orientation (see Fig. 6.1).

Rice. 6.1 Schemes of block sections: a) - latitudinal free and partially limited orientation; b) - meridional limited orientation; 1 – 4 - number of rooms

Duplex sections have a two-sided orientation of apartments (Fig. 6.2), which determines their cross-ventilation and free orientation of the house in the development. Therefore, despite the lower efficiency, duplex sections are widely used in the southern regions and for two-story sectional houses in different climatic regions. Semi-detached sections can consist of apartments of the same and different sizes. As a rule, these are large apartments with 3-5 rooms so that the width of the building is as large as possible.

Rice. 6.2. duplex section.

The location of kitchens and sanitary facilities largely determines the planning organization of the apartment. They can be located adjacent and separate, but in such a way that the sanitary blocks of adjacent apartments are joined at the inter-apartment wall, on both sides of the staircase, or joined with apartments in adjacent sections. With separate placement of the kitchen and the sanitary unit in the apartment, the number of risers in the section increases, but at the same time, a clear zoning is achieved in the layout of the premises.

Three-apartment sections are more economical than two-apartment ones. They have a partially limited orientation (the orientation of one of the facades is limited), which provides them with sufficient urban planning maneuverability. In these sections, as a rule, two apartments have a two-sided orientation and through ventilation, and one, smaller apartment, has a one-sided orientation (Fig. 6.3). The layout scheme of such a section can be symmetrical (with two identical apartments) and asymmetric (with all apartments that are different in size and number of rooms).

Rice. 6.3 Three-family section.

Since the apartments in the three-apartment section are designed to be small, usually the kitchens and sanitary facilities are placed adjacently here. Kitchens and bathrooms in side apartments are located at the entrance to the apartment at the stairwell or in the back of the apartment. In the latter case, the bathrooms of adjacent sections are blocked. In an average apartment, the kitchen and sanitary unit are placed against the staircase, while blocking the kitchen and bathroom with an adjacent apartment is possible.

Four-apartment sections are somewhat more economical than three-apartment ones. These sections are divided into two groups: sections of limited orientation (meridional), in which all apartments have one-sided orientation, and sections of partially limited orientation (latitudinal), where two apartments have one-sided orientation and two - two-sided.

Latitude four-apartment sections (Fig. 6.4) are similar in orientation to three-apartment sections, but the layout of apartments here is somewhat worse. In addition, more apartments than in three-apartment sections do not have through ventilation.

Fig.6.4. Four-apartment sections (latitudinal and meridional).

Meridional four-apartment sections with small economical apartments in appropriate orientation conditions were used in mass housing construction. However, in the further design and construction of low and medium-rise houses, preference should be given to three-apartment and two-apartment sections, as more comfortable.

The composition of the premises of sectional houses, in addition to apartments, includes service and utility rooms, the nature of which depends on the specific conditions - the construction site, the degree of improvement, etc.

In the basement of the house can be placed utility pantries for storing household equipment (carriages, bicycles, sledges, skis, etc.), garages, pantries for storing food (for rural areas), and in the case of temporary equipment, stoves running on wood or coal , - fuel storage sheds. The construction of the basement increases the cost of construction, so utility rooms should not be made under each section, but combined in one place.

The entrance to the residential building of the sectional structure is through the staircase. At the entrance to the stairwell, it is necessary to install a vestibule with a depth of at least 1.2 m, the doors of which must open outwards. The vestibule is placed under the intermediate platform of the stairs (two mid-flight). Its height must be at least 2 m, which, with a floor height of 2.8 m, determines the level of the floor of the first floor above the sidewalk or blind area at a level of at least 0.85 m (Fig. 6.5).

Rice. 6.5. The decision to enter a residential building without an elevator: a) - directly through the stairs; b) through the lobby.

Stairs are an important element of a sectional home. The location of the stairs, their shape, dimensions depend on the general planning structure of the section. The correct solution of stairs creates appropriate amenities, meets fire safety requirements, affects the economics of construction and operation of the building.

According to their structure, the stairs of a residential building of low and medium-rise buildings can be one-, two- and three-mid-rise and should be placed in the stairwell. In IV and IIIB climatic regions, it is allowed to install external open stairs made of fireproof materials. The exit to the outside from the basement and basement floors should not communicate with the staircase of the residential part of the building (except for a two-story one).

Stairwells should have natural light through windows in the outer walls. In two- and three-story houses of I and II degrees of fire resistance, it is allowed to design lighting with natural light through skylights in coverings of at least 1.5 × 2.5 m in size. In this case, it is necessary to make a gap between marches (with two marching stairs) of at least 0.7 m. Illumination of stairs with overhead light is usually done when it is located in the center of the section.

The slope and width of the stairs determine the degree of its convenience. The norms determine the largest slope and the smallest width of marches (Table 2). The number of lifts in one march should be at least 3 and not more than 18. The width of the landings should be at least the width of the march and at least 1.2 m.

Table 6.2. The smallest allowable width of flights of stairs and their greatest slope

Fundamental changes are being made to the layout of 2 - 4-storey sectional houses in high-density buildings. In this case, the increase in density is achieved due to the original blocking of houses with the use of closed and semi-enclosed courtyards, galleries for the southern regions.

Stairs in such houses can be located in the center of the section and illuminated by overhead light through a lantern or side light through the patio (Fig. 6.6). This contributes to the possibility of a significant broadening of the building, which makes low- and medium-rise buildings quite competitive in terms of economic indicators for buildings with a higher number of storeys. Such development is cost-effective for equipping houses with all types of sanitary equipment. It can create urban living comfort and at the same time bring it closer to the ground level, nature, which is so necessary for an urban person.

Fig.6.6. An example of a high-density home with stairs illuminated through patios.

There is another type of houses, which is characterized by developed horizontal communications - corridors associated with vertical communications, i.e. with stairs and elevators. Such houses are called corridor houses in which the apartments are located on both sides of the corridor.

The positive qualities of corridor residential buildings in comparison with sectional ones are as follows: more economical, because they have fewer stairwells and elevators; economical use of vertical communications; the possibility of using wide buildings (about 14-15 m); reduction in the number of entrances to the building (Fig. 6.7). All this makes it possible to use houses of this type in some extreme areas where it is necessary to protect dwellings from the effects of dust storms (in semi-deserts and deserts), from strong winds with snow blizzards. Based on the conditions for the appropriate use of corridors, it is advisable to place one- or two-room apartments in houses of this type.

Fig.6.7. Architectural and planning structure of a residential building of a corridor type.

The disadvantages of these houses include the one-sided orientation of apartments, which reduces urban planning flexibility when building a site with these houses (only meridional or close to it orientation is possible), less isolation of apartments than in sectional houses, lack of through ventilation, and therefore their use is possible only in areas where such ventilation is unnecessary or unacceptable. Airing apartments in houses of this type is possible only through windows at the ends of corridors with natural light, as well as through light gaps.

For the southern regions (IV and partially III climatic regions) are quite convenient gallery houses , apartments in which are placed along floor-by-floor open or glazed galleries connected by stairs along the floors. The gallery is, as a rule, an unheated open or glazed horizontal communication room.

The gallery structure determines the good sanitary and hygienic qualities of apartments, which receive two-way orientation and through ventilation (Fig. 6.8). The gallery, being a means of horizontal communication, at the same time protects the apartments from overheating, which is very important in the southern regions. However, it is not advisable to locate such houses in the northern regions, since they have a very large relative area of ​​​​external fences, and therefore significant heat losses are observed. In addition, in conditions of snow drifts, the operation of galleries is difficult.

Fig.6.8. Architectural and planning structure of a gallery-type residential building.

The rooms of apartments in gallery houses should be located in such a way that non-residential premises (anterior, kitchen, sanitary facilities) face the gallery, as the noisiest part of the house, and bedrooms face the opposite side of the house. In general, apartments in a gallery building should be developed in depth. This contributes to the broadening of the body and the reduction of the structural step of the transverse load-bearing walls, which makes the house more economical.

Usually apartments in such houses are small, if necessary, get large apartments they are located on two levels. This layout allows you to well isolate the bedrooms from the gallery, which are located on the upper level. At the same time, the galleries are located through the floor at the level of the entrances to the apartments, and the apartment floors are connected by an internal staircase.

Thus, in a four-story house, two rows of apartments are placed in height, and in a five-story house, in addition, small apartments on the same level are arranged on the ground floor.

Houses of 3 - 5 floors, connected by galleries, with a certain layout, form residential complexes of dense development, economically feasible and in line with the way of life and architectural traditions of southern cities.

For small towns or urban-type settlements are often used houses of the blocked type , which are several isolated blocks of apartments adjacent to each other with a separate exit from each apartment to the adjacent plot.

The number of blocks that make up the house depends on various conditions (the nature of the site, the terrain, the degree of fire resistance of the house, etc.) and can include from 4 to 16 apartments with linear blocking, and much more with complex blocking.

Blocked houses, as a rule, are built one- and two-story. In two-story houses, apartments are located on two levels (cottage type) or on one level on each floor (floor accommodation). There may be options with an offset of half the floor.

To increase the building density, three-story block houses can also be used. In our country, such houses have recently begun to gain some distribution, since under certain conditions they combine economic, social and aesthetic effects.

A block house, while retaining all the conveniences of one- and two-family houses, is much more economical than them. This is due to the reduction in the perimeter of the outer walls and a sharp increase in building density. The profitability of a blocked house increases with an increase in the number of apartments in the house.

Blocking apartments can be done in different ways (Figure 6.9). The simplest and most common way is to connect block apartments with side walls and form a simple rectangular house. In such a house, all apartments have a two-way orientation and through ventilation.

Fig.6.9. Examples of conjugation of apartments in houses of the blocked type: 1 - plan of the house; 2 - apartment plot.

The same simple configuration of the house and even greater building density gives a two-row blocking. However, this technique, with a large number of apartment blocks in the house, worsens the sanitary and hygienic qualities of the apartments, which receive a one-sided orientation and are deprived of cross-ventilation. Therefore, two-row blocking is used, as a rule, in four-apartment buildings, in which apartments receive two-way orientation and corner ventilation. Such blocking is called cruciform. In some cases, in order to better isolate individual blocks or improve orientation conditions, blocking is used with blocks shifted relative to each other.

In areas with a hot climate, to better protect the premises from overheating, blocking is used from L-shaped blocks in terms of forming semi-open or closed courtyards. It is possible to block such apartments and closely. In the case of a steep terrain, the blocking is carried out with the blocks shifted vertically. In some cases, the vertical shift is combined with the horizontal shift of the blocks, which creates a rich spatial composition organically connected with the terrain. Various combinations of these techniques can create complex interesting building compositions.

A feature of the layout of apartments in blocked houses is the obligatory presence of 2 entrances. This is due to the fact that the plot is cut by the house into 2 isolated parts - one located in front of the house, and the second - behind it, which can only be accessed through the apartment. In addition, unlike an individual apartment building, apartments in a blocked house have a limited light front (depending on the nature of the block), which determines the location of the premises. When blocking apartments, sanitary facilities should be located adjacently, for which the blocks in most cases are placed mirrored to each other.

Space-planning solutions are part of the architectural section of a building construction project, in which the layout, location, functional interconnection of premises is worked out, taking into account the technical, engineering, fire safety requirements for the object, climatic conditions, relief, natural and man-made environment. The most important indicators of space-planning decisions are the convenience of building operation, maintenance of technological equipment, compliance with regulatory documents.

The main types of space-planning decisions

Space-planning decisions of a building depend on its type (residential, public, industrial), the required level of comfort, features of technological processes and other parameters specified in the design assignment. The entire internal space of the building is divided into rooms using vertical structures (walls, partitions) and horizontal structures (floors). The rooms are walk-through and isolated, which are connected to each other through a third, auxiliary room (corridor, vestibule).

There are the following types of space-planning solutions:

• with horizontal communication (corridor system), in which the premises are located on one or both sides of the corridor. The scheme is used for the design of hotels, administrative, office buildings, hostels;
• with a consistent arrangement of adjacent walk-through rooms (enfilade layout). Sometimes in the center there are several rooms with a large area, and the rest are formed around them. Such schemes are used in the construction of exhibition centers, museums and similar public buildings;
• with a central atrium (courtyard or covered space), uniting around itself the other rooms of the building, connected to each other through the atrium. The layout is used in the design of covered markets, shopping centers, sports facilities;
• with a central hall that determines the main functional purpose of the building, around which the rest (auxiliary) rooms are formed. The scheme is used for theaters, cinemas and other entertainment buildings;
• with vertical communication and repeating floor plans (sectional layout). As a link for the premises, as a rule, stairs or elevators act;
• with a combined layout, which includes elements of various types of space-planning solutions. The scheme is used in the design of multifunctional buildings with a combination of corridor, enfilade, atrium and other types of layouts.

Stages of development of space-planning solutions

Space-planning solutions for buildings and structures are worked out at all stages of design:

• as part of a preliminary design - for agreement with the customer, preparation of a set of initial permits;
• at the stage "Project documentation" - for passing the examination and obtaining a positive conclusion;
• at the stage "Working documentation" - a detailed study of space-planning solutions, taking into account the constructive structure of the building, wiring of sanitary and electrical communications. The stage is developed directly for construction.

The site on which this building is being designed is located on the territory of an existing plant in the city of Zhytomyr. The plot has a rectangular shape and has the following dimensions: 313.6m long and 241.48m wide.

The following buildings are located on the territory of the industrial enterprise by purpose׃

checkpoint;

factory management;

laboratory;

technical school;

club-dining room;

recreation area;

• model shop;

  mechanical shop;

  forging and stamping body;

  foundry;

  timber warehouse;

  model warehouse;

  charge warehouse;

  storage area for products;

  boiler room;

  coal warehouse;

  administrative building;

  railways.

The layout of the master plan is carried out so that the connection between the individual zones corresponds to the technological process.

The territory of the industrial enterprise is fenced and has a checkpoint. The width of the roads is 3.5m. On the territory, measures were taken for landscaping and gardening, installation of blind areas and sidewalks.

4. Space-planning decision of the object

The space-planning solution of any industrial building depends on the nature of the technological process located inside the building and should, if possible, allow changes in the technological process in the future. Despite the variety of technological processes, when designing industrial buildings, it is possible to use standard and unified space-planning and design solutions based on the use of a single modular system.

The engine housing consists of three spans 24 m, 24 m, 24 m. The step of the columns of the outer and middle rows is 6 m. The height of the floor (to the bottom of the supporting structure) is 7.2, the length of the building is 108m. The total height of the building is 10.8 m.

5. Constructive solution of the object

Structural system - frame (with full frame)

When designing industrial buildings, the frame and external enclosing structures are assembled from standard elements manufactured at building structure factories, while ensuring wide interchangeability of structures. The use of standard structures for buildings requires a strictly defined location relative to the center axes. The load-bearing structures of the industrial building are reinforced concrete. To absorb horizontal longitudinal forces from wind and crane loads, vertical cross ties are installed along the columns in each temperature block.

Foundations under the columns are stepped, monolithic, glass type. The foundations of the building are detached monolithic reinforced concrete, on a natural foundation. The body of the foundation is covered with bituminous mastic for waterproofing. Foundation beams - prefabricated reinforced concrete. They are arranged to transfer loads from them to the foundation. Mounted on reinforced concrete posts, located on the ledges of the foundations.

The building uses an expansion joint, which serves to eliminate internal thermal stresses in structures during thermal deformations of the building

columns industrial building reinforced concrete solid section. The columns are placed in the foundation glass, while the bottom of the column is set 50 mm above the bottom of the glass, after installation the glass is concreted and for better adhesion to the foundation, dowels are arranged on the side faces. For interfacing with other structural elements, embedded parts are provided on the columns. Half-timbered columns are arranged along the line of the end walls. They are fixed in independent foundations and are intended for fastening wall panels.

Crane beams designed to support crane rails on them. The building is equipped with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of 15 tons. Based on this, the beams are equipped with embedded parts for fastening crane runways. The bearing beam of the overhead crane is a reinforced concrete I-beam with a cross section of 1400 mm.

As coatings prefabricated reinforced concrete ribbed slabs are adopted, the width of the slabs is 3000 mm, the length corresponds to the length of the spans. The load perceived by the slab is transferred to the supporting reinforced concrete truss, passing along the top of the columns along the entire width of the building. The composition of the coating is as follows: ribbed slabs, vapor barrier, effective insulation, cement-sand screed 25mm, 4 layers of roofing material.

When designing exits from an industrial building, the technological scheme of production and fire regulations should be taken into account. Based on these requirements, the building adopted swing metal gates with a size of 4 m.

floors in the building are designed taking into account special requirements ׃ impact resistance, resistance to high mechanical loads, resistance to chemically aggressive substances.

Self-leveling polyurethane floor, concrete preparation B20, concrete preparation B10, crushed stone rammed into the ground, natural soil.

The layout of buildings, or rather, their space-planning structure, is closely related to both their functional purpose and the type of structures used. This structure is a joint arrangement of certain premises of a given size and shape in one building in accordance with functional, technical, economic, artistic and aesthetic requirements.

The basis of the space-planning solution of residential buildings is the so-called residential cell - an apartment in a residential building, a hotel room or a room in a hostel.

For multi-storey residential buildings, the following planning solutions are used: sectional, corridor and gallery, as well as combined.

For low-rise residential buildings, single-apartment (individual), two-apartment or multi-apartment (blocked) planning solutions are typical (Fig. 16.1, 16.2).

Rice. 16.1.

A - multi-section residential building; b - one-section residential building; V - gallery residential building; G - corridor residential building

Rice. 16.2.

A – individual residential building (cottage); b - block house

Residential buildings of sectional type consist of one or more sections. A section is a part of the building, the apartments of which have access to one staircase, separated from other parts of the building by a blank wall.

Corridor-type residential building is a building in which apartments have access to the stairwell through a common corridor, which increases the number of apartments per stair-elevator unit.

Such a solution is mainly typical for hostels and hotels, but is also used in residential buildings, especially with a predominance of small apartments.

A gallery-type residential building is a building in which apartments have access to the stairwell through a common gallery (open outdoor corridor). Such houses are typical for southern regions or for seasonal (summer) use in boarding houses, children's and youth camps, etc.

An individual (single-apartment) residential building is designed for one family to live in it. The number of floors in such houses varies over a fairly wide range and depends primarily on the type of building (rural residential building, dacha, cottage, mansion, etc.). Usually it is one or two floors, but there are also higher individual residential buildings.

The development of an individual residential building is a twin house in the form of two individual residential buildings with one common transverse wall and a symmetrical layout relative to it.

Such houses are the simplest type of a block house - a low-rise apartment-type building, consisting of several apartments in the form of individual houses, "blocked" in one line and, as a rule, having their own small plot of land.

The main element of a residential apartment building is an apartment, i.e. an isolated group of premises inhabited by one family and intended for the implementation of various household processes in them (Fig. 16.3).

Rice. 16.3.

A - an ordinary section of a multi-storey residential building of a sectional-corridor type; b - ordinary sections of a sectional residential building of medium height

The apartment usually consists of living rooms and utility rooms (Fig. 16.4–16.6).

Rice. 16.4.

A – common rooms (living rooms), 18–20 m2; b - bedrooms, 9–12 m2

Rice. 16.5.

Rice. 16.6.

A - toilet; b – combined bathroom with sitting bath; V – combined bathroom with shower; G – bathroom (bathroom); e - separate bathroom; e - h - a bathroom from prefabricated volumetric blocks

Living rooms include a living room (common room), a dining room (or bedrooms), a children's room, an office, etc.

Utility rooms include an entrance hall (front), hall, corridor (or corridors), kitchen, bathroom, toilet room, pantry, summer rooms (balcony, loggia, veranda, terrace, etc.).

The comfort of living in an apartment depends on the size of its premises, their number and composition, as well as on the convenience of the relationship between them, which is achieved through the functional zoning of the premises. At the same time, the space of the apartment is divided into several functional zones:

• communication (entrance hall, hall, corridor);
• sanitary-household (toilet, bathroom);
• household (kitchen, pantry);
• public (living room);
• individual (bedroom, office, nursery).

To move within the floors of residential buildings and between their floors, communication rooms are used. They are vertical (stairs) and horizontal (corridors and galleries).

Let us consider some general issues of space-planning solutions for residential buildings using the example of their most common type - sectional houses.

The layout of a sectional residential building is based on blocking a number of sections. Separate sections, according to their location in the building and configuration, are divided into end, row, corner and rotary at various angles. All these sections have a certain set of apartments with different sizes and different numbers of rooms (Fig. 16.7). Each apartment within the floor of a section of a certain type has some sanitary and hygienic qualities. One should strive to develop such planning solutions for sections in general and apartments in particular, which would allow cross-ventilation in apartments as the most efficient (or at least angular) and standardized insolation time for any orientation to the cardinal points (Fig. 16.8).

Rice. 16.7.

A - ordinary; b - end; V - angular; G - ordinary for buildings with a curvilinear plan; d – swivel at an angle of 120°; e - swivel at an angle of 90 ° (cross); and - examples of layout plans for residential buildings from various sections

Rice. 16.8.

A - in an ordinary section of a multi-section residential building; b - in a one-section residential building

These requirements are most fully met by single-section houses, which, as a rule, have a complex shape in plan and enrich residential development with their architecture.

Such buildings are also called "point" (Fig. 16.9).

Rice. 16.9. Plan of a typical floor of a single-section ("point") residential building with an increased number of storeys (tower-type houses)

Communication paths in buildings, which include stairs, corridors, galleries, etc., are designed to ensure the safe evacuation of residents in the event of a fire.

Stairs for evacuation are internal, placed in stairwells, internal open without enclosing walls and open external.

Stairwells are ordinary and smoke-free. Ordinary stairwells come with natural light through windows in the outer walls and without it (including stairwells with overhead natural light).

Smoke-free stairwells have the task of ensuring the safe evacuation of residents along the stairs, which are not penetrated by fire and smoke from a fire. This is ensured by special measures, according to which the types of smoke-free staircases are determined. They are as follows:

• with access from the apartments to the stairs through the open air zone along the loggias or balconies;
• with air overpressure (overpressure) in the volume of the staircase;
• combined, with access to the stairs through the tambour-lock with air overpressure (Fig. 16.10).

Rice. 16.10.

A - smoke-free staircase with a transition through the outer open area; b - a closed staircase with an air pressurization system; 1 - fireproof partition; 2 - shafts for air boost

Smoke-free staircases are usually arranged in buildings with a height of more than 10 floors.

External emergency (evacuation) open stairs are arranged on special loggias or balconies and form a second evacuation exit in multi-storey buildings or in high-rise buildings.

Horizontal communication paths in buildings are represented by corridors or galleries. They serve as a means of communication between apartments and stairwells. The width of the corridor between the stairs or between the end of the corridor and the stairs should be at least 1.4 m with a corridor length of up to 40 m and at least 1.6 m with a corridor length of more than 40 m.

For fire safety purposes, long corridors should be separated by partitions spaced no more than 30 m apart. All corridors should have natural lighting with at least secondary light from the ends of the corridors or from the stairwell.

The width of the galleries is assumed to be at least 1.2 m.

Elevators in residential buildings are located in special elevator shafts, above or below which the engine room of the elevators is located. For single passenger elevators with a carrying capacity of 400 kg, the width of the platform in front of the elevator must be at least 1.2 m, and in front of passenger elevators with a carrying capacity of 630 kg -1.6 or 2.1 m, depending on the location of the longitudinal axis of the elevator car along or across the elevator platform .

With a two-row arrangement of elevators, an elevator hall is arranged in front of them, the width of which must be at least 1.8 m (when installing elevators with a cabin depth of not more than 2.1 m) and 2.5 m (when installing elevators with a cabin depth of more than 2.1 m).

Elevators are not used during evacuation, as it is unsafe.

Garbage chutes are usually placed within the stair-lift assembly. The greatest distance from the door of the apartment to the loading valve of the garbage chute should not exceed 25 m.

The garbage chute consists of a vertical pipe with a diameter of 400 mm and floor loading valves. At the level of the sidewalk under the trunk of the garbage chute, there is a garbage collection chamber, which must have an insulated entrance.

The floor mark of the premises at the entrance to the building must be at least 150 mm higher than the sidewalk mark. The entrance node (Fig. 16.11) to the building is equipped with a vestibule - a passage room that serves to protect the interior of the building from cold air. The tambours must have a depth of at least 1.5 m. In harsh climatic conditions, double tambours are necessary.

Almost all rooms in residential buildings should have natural light. At the same time, the ratio of the area of ​​​​light openings in the main premises of apartments (living rooms and kitchens) to the floor area of ​​\u200b\u200bthese premises should be in the range from 1: 5.5 to 1: 8. The value of the natural light coefficient, equal to 0.5%, must be provided in one living room of one-, two- and three-room apartments and in two living rooms of four- or more-room apartments at a distance of 1 m from the rear wall of the room on the floor and in the kitchen and in the other rooms of the apartment - on the floor in the center of the room.

The normative duration of insolation of residential premises should be ensured in at least one room in one-, two- and three-room apartments and in at least two rooms in apartments with more than three rooms (four-, five-, six-room apartments, etc.). It is equal to 2 hours for continuous insolation and 2.5 hours for intermittent insolation. In this case, the duration of one of the periods must be at least 1 hour.

Rice. 16.11.

A - for 5–9-storey residential buildings; b - for 16-storey residential buildings; 1 – smoke-free staircase; 2 - tambour-gateway; 3 – barred opening; 4 – vestibule with air pressure; 5 - entrance vestibule; 6 – garbage collection chamber; 7 - mailboxes; 8 – stroller; 9, 10 - utility and technical rooms

In the central and historical districts of cities, the standard duration of insolation is reduced by 0.5 hours.

For normal insolation, the optimal orientation of the living rooms of apartments should be east, southeast, south and southwest. For the kitchen, the northern orientation is considered optimal (Fig. 16.12).

Rice. 16.12.

A – for I and II climatic regions; b - the same, with prevailing northerly winds; V – for III and IV climatic regions; 1 – allowable orientation; 2 – invalid orientation

In hostels, at least 60% of living rooms should be insolated.

Air exchange in the premises of residential buildings is provided by the inflow of air and its removal, as a rule, by natural means. Air flow into the room is provided mainly through the adjustable elements of the windows (sashes, transoms, vents). Air removal should be carried out from kitchens, bathrooms, bathrooms and, if necessary, from other rooms. Air exchange is carried out on the basis of a system of natural ventilation and aeration of the premises in the form of supply and exhaust channels and air ducts.

To evaluate the design solutions of residential buildings, a number of architectural and planning indicators are used, namely:

• living area of ​​apartments, m2;
• total building area, m2;
• building area, m2;
• construction volume of the building, m3;
• odds TO 1, TO 2 and TO 3 (see section II "Design Fundamentals").

Technical conclusion based on the results of the survey of buildings and structures

Based on the accumulated experience, the company "EcoPetroBalt-Project" presents to your attention the sections that are part of the technical report based on the results of the inspection of a building or structure.

It should be noted that the scope of work on the survey is determined depending on the goals and objectives. In each case, the scope of work is selected individually.

The technical report is developed in accordance with

GOST 31937-2011 “Buildings and structures. Rules for the inspection and monitoring of the technical condition.

SP13-102-2003 "Rules for the inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures."

TSN 50-302-2004 "Design of foundations for buildings and structures in St. Petersburg".

VSN 57-88 (p) "Regulations on the technical inspection of residential buildings."

VSN 53-86 (p) "Rules for assessing the physical deterioration of residential buildings."

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The composition of the technical report

1. Title page contact information of the organization that developed the technical report.

2. Composition of technical documentation(when developing documentation in several volumes).

3. List of performers indicating full name, position.

4. Content.

5. Introduction. The Introduction section includes:

Designation of the object of the survey - individual building structures or the building (structure) as a whole.

Time frame when performing a set of works on visual-instrumental examination.

Reasons for the survey - carrying out work on reconstruction, overhaul, etc.

The purpose of the survey is to assess the actual technical condition of the building structures of the building (structure) with the issuance of a conclusion on the technical survey.

Inspection tasks - the types of work necessary to achieve the specified goals and solve the tasks set in the course of performing a set of works on visual and instrumental inspection of a building (structure) are indicated.

List of submitted and reviewed documentation for the building (construction). The request and systematization of the initial data on the technical condition of the facility (data from the BTI, municipalities, management companies, etc.) is carried out. The previously received instructions from supervisory and regulatory authorities (housing, fire inspections, etc.) are studied. Design and estimate documentation, magazines of hidden and completed works, certificates, technical passports, etc. are considered.

6. General information. The General Information section includes:

Location and characteristics of the object of the survey. Situational plan for the location of the object.

Architectural and space-planning solutions. The year the building was built. The year of the last overhaul, reconstruction of the building. Description of the volume-planning and architectural decisions of the building. Historical reference. Dimensions of the building (height, width, length). General views of the facades and plan of the first floor of the building.

Constructive decisions. Description of the constructive scheme, spatial rigidity of the building. A brief description of the building structures of the building and engineering networks.

Information about the engineering-geological conditions of the site. It is carried out on the basis of archival geology, geological surveys, laboratory soil analysis, etc.

Work production program (survey methodology). It is developed in accordance with the terms of reference, local conditions, goals and timing of the visual and instrumental inspection of the building (structure).

Fig.1 Information about the engineering-geological conditions of the site (archival geology)

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7. Survey results. The "Survey Results" section includes:

Inspection of foundations and soil base.

Inspection of the building frame (columns, beams, trusses, etc.)

Inspection of walls and partitions.

Inspection of overlap and coating.

Roof and roof inspection.

Inspection of window and door fillings.

Inspection of flights of stairs and platforms.

Inspection of engineering networks and equipment.

8. Conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the inspection of buildings and structures. Determination of the physical wear of individual building structures and the building as a whole based on the survey (drawing up a table of physical wear in accordance with VSN 53-86 (p) "Rules for assessing the physical wear of residential buildings"). Assignment of the category of technical condition in accordance with GOST 31937-2011 “Buildings and structures. Rules for the inspection and monitoring of the technical condition. Filling in the table for the inspection of the technical condition of the building (inspection report) in accordance with Appendix "B" GOST 31937-2011. Drawing up a building passport in accordance with Appendix "D" GOST 31937-2011.

9. List of normative-technical and methodical documentation. List of references used in the development of a technical report based on the results of a survey of a building or structure.

10. Applications.

Technical task. Download

Certificate of admission to work. Download

Photographic materials. Photo fixation of defects and general views of facades, rooms, openings, pits. Download

Graphic materials. List of drawings. The results of the measurement work required for the development of a technical report. Floor plans of the building, facades, longitudinal and transverse sections. Sections for openings, pits, etc. Testing of structures and building materials. Protocols for testing materials by non-destructive methods. Laboratory analysis of the soil. Dynamic sounding of soil. Laboratory testing of bricks, concrete, etc. Mycological studies of wood. Instrument verification certificates. Certification, accreditation of the laboratory. Download

Verification calculations. Verification calculations of floor beams, trusses, brick walls, foundations, etc. Thermal engineering calculation of walls, ceilings, roofs, etc. Download

Archival materials. Title documents, materials of technical opinions of previous years, technical passport of the building, archival materials of engineering and geological surveys, etc. Download