Population of Siberia and the Far East. Siberia and the Far East. Territory of Western Siberia

Siberia is one of the most mysterious and harsh regions of the Russian Federation. Here is the famous Lake Baikal, the total area of which is equal to the size of the Netherlands. On its territory is located the Vasyugan swamp - the largest in the whole world. The area of Siberia is about 9.8 million square meters. km, which is more than half of the entire territory of Russia. Located in the northeastern part of Eurasia. What regions is its vast territory divided into?

Regions of Siberia: list

Siberia includes the following territories. Firstly, these are the republics: Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia. Secondly, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky, Khabarovsk. And also the official division of Siberia includes Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen.

Territory of Western Siberia

The regions of Western Siberia occupy an equally vast territory. The list will include the following territories: Altai Territory, Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, part of Khakassia, as well as the Kurgan region. One of the most ancient territories, which was inhabited by people about 1.5 million years ago, is Altai. Its length from west to east is about 600 km. The largest rivers not only of Russia, but of the whole world flow here. These are Ob, Biya, Katun, Charysh. For example, the area of the Ob basin is about 70% of the entire Altai Territory.

Regions of Siberia: eastern part

The territory of Eastern Siberia includes the lands of Buryatia, Transbaikal, Irkutsk region, as well as Tyva, Khakassia, and Yakutia. The development of this area dates back to the 18th century. Then, by decree of Emperor Peter I, a fort was built on the territory of modern Khakassia. This time, namely 1707, is considered the date of the annexation of the Republic of Khakassia to the territory of Russia. The local people the Russians discovered in Siberia were shamans. They believed that the Universe was inhabited by special spirits - masters.

The Republic of Buryatia, with its capital in the city of Ulan-Ude, is considered one of the most picturesque regions of Siberia. There are huge mountain ranges here - the mountains occupy an area four times larger than the plain area. A significant part of the Buryat border lies along the waters of Lake Baikal.

The Republic of Sakha is ahead of all regions of Siberia and the Far East in size. Moreover, Yakutia is also the largest region of Russia. More than 40 percent of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. About 80% of the territory of Yakutia is occupied by taiga.

Omsk and Tomsk regions

The main city of the Omsk region is Omsk. Geographically, this area is a flat area with a continental climate. There are taiga forests, forest-steppes and steppes here. Forest occupies about 24% of the entire territory of the region. The territory with its center in the city of Tomsk is one of the most inaccessible. After all, most of it is represented by taiga forests. There are a large number of deposits of valuable natural resources: oil, gas, metals and peat.

Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions

The Tyumen region is located on a flat territory. In terms of its area, it is in third place among the administrative subjects of Russia, in the Arctic, tundra and forest-tundra regions. The main oil and gas reserves of Russia lie here. The Novosibirsk region is famous for its rivers. There are about 350 rivers on its territory, as well as the main water artery, the Ob. There are also more than 3 thousand lakes here. regions - continental. It was first inhabited by representatives of Mongoloid tribes in the 7th-6th centuries. BC e.

Transbaikalia

The regions of Siberia amaze with their beauty and therefore are always attractive to tourists. One of such territories is the Trans-Baikal Territory. It is located in the eastern and south-eastern territory of Lake Baikal. Its center is the city of Chita. There are very long and severe winters here, and the warm season, on the contrary, is fleeting.

Far East and Western Siberia

The Far East is home to most of the Russian rivers, the mouths of which flow into the Pacific Ocean. Only about 5% of Russia's population lives here. Sometimes the Transbaikalia region is also included in this territory. Since the regions of Siberia are known for their vastness, disputes often arise regarding the division of its lands.

Western Siberia is located on the vast West Siberian Plain. Its area is about 2.6 million square meters. km. Its territory also contains a large amount of natural resources - minerals. There are about 2 thousand river arteries here.

For many centuries, the peoples of Siberia lived in small settlements. Each individual settlement had its own clan. The inhabitants of Siberia were friends with each other, ran a joint household, were often relatives to each other and led an active lifestyle. But due to the vast territory of the Siberian region, these villages were far from each other. So, for example, the inhabitants of one village already led their own way of life and spoke a language incomprehensible to their neighbors. Over time, some settlements disappeared, while others became larger and actively developed.

History of population in Siberia.

The Samoyed tribes are considered to be the first indigenous inhabitants of Siberia. They inhabited the northern part. Their main occupations include reindeer herding and fishing. To the south lived the Mansi tribes, who lived by hunting. Their main trade was the extraction of furs, with which they paid for their future wives and bought goods necessary for life.

The upper reaches of the Ob were inhabited by Turkic tribes. Their main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding and blacksmithing. To the west of Baikal lived the Buryats, who became famous for their iron-making craft.

The largest territory from the Yenisei to the Sea of Okhotsk was inhabited by Tungus tribes. Among them were many hunters, fishermen, reindeer herders, some were engaged in crafts.

Along the shore of the Chukchi Sea, the Eskimos (about 4 thousand people) settled down. Compared to other peoples of the time, the Eskimos had the slowest social development. The tool was made of stone or wood. The main economic activities include gathering and hunting.

The main way of survival of the first settlers of the Siberian region was hunting, reindeer herding and extraction of furs, which was the currency of that time.

By the end of the 17th century, the most developed peoples of Siberia were the Buryats and Yakuts. The Tatars were the only people who, before the arrival of the Russians, managed to organize state power.

The largest peoples before Russian colonization include the following peoples: Itelmens (indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka), Yukagirs (inhabited the main territory of the tundra), Nivkhs (inhabitants of Sakhalin), Tuvinians (indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva), Siberian Tatars (located in the territory of Southern Siberia from Ural to Yenisei) and Selkups (residents of Western Siberia).

Indigenous peoples of Siberia in the modern world.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every people of Russia received the right to national self-determination and identification. Since the collapse of the USSR, Russia has officially turned into a multinational state and the preservation of the culture of small and endangered nationalities has become one of the state priorities. The Siberian indigenous peoples were not left out here either: some of them received the right to self-government in autonomous okrugs, while others formed their own republics as part of the new Russia. Very small and endangered nationalities enjoy full support from the state, and the efforts of many people are aimed at preserving their culture and traditions.

As part of this review, we will give a brief description of each Siberian people whose population is more than or approaching 7 thousand people. Smaller peoples are difficult to characterize, so we will limit ourselves to their name and number. So, let's begin.

Yakuts- the most numerous of the Siberian peoples. According to the latest data, the number of Yakuts is 478,100 people. In modern Russia, the Yakuts are one of the few nationalities that have their own republic, and its area is comparable to the area of the average European state. The Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) is geographically located in the Far Eastern Federal District, but the Yakut ethnic group has always been considered an indigenous Siberian people. The Yakuts have an interesting culture and traditions. This is one of the few peoples of Siberia that has its own epic.
Buryats- this is another Siberian people with their own republic. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude, located east of Lake Baikal. The number of Buryats is 461,389 people. Buryat cuisine is widely known in Siberia and is rightfully considered one of the best among ethnic cuisines. The history of this people, its legends and traditions is quite interesting. By the way, the Republic of Buryatia is one of the main centers of Buddhism in Russia.
Tuvans. According to the latest census, 263,934 identified themselves as representatives of the Tuvan people. The Republic of Tyva is one of the four ethnic republics of the Siberian Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl with a population of 110 thousand people. The total population of the republic is approaching 300 thousand. Buddhism also flourishes here, and the Tuvan traditions also speak of shamanism.
Khakassians- one of the indigenous peoples of Siberia numbering 72,959 people. Today they have their own republic within the Siberian Federal District and with its capital in the city of Abakan. This ancient people have long lived in the lands west of the Great Lake (Baikal). It was never numerous, but that did not prevent it from carrying its identity, culture and traditions through the centuries.
Altaians. Their place of residence is quite compact - the Altai mountain system. Today Altaians live in two constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory. The number of the Altai ethnic group is about 71 thousand people, which allows us to speak of them as a fairly large people. Religion - shamanism and Buddhism. The Altaians have their own epic and a clearly defined national identity, which does not allow them to be confused with other Siberian peoples. This mountain people has a centuries-old history and interesting legends.
Nenets- one of the small Siberian peoples living compactly in the area of the Kola Peninsula. Its population of 44,640 people allows it to be classified as a small nation whose traditions and culture are protected by the state. The Nenets are nomadic reindeer herders. They belong to the so-called Samoyed folk group. Over the years of the 20th century, the number of Nenets approximately doubled, which indicates the effectiveness of state policy in the field of preserving the small peoples of the North. The Nenets have their own language and oral epic.
Evenks- people predominantly living on the territory of the Republic of Sakha. The number of this people in Russia is 38,396 people, some of whom live in the regions adjacent to Yakutia. It is worth saying that this is approximately half of the total number of the ethnic group - approximately the same number of Evenks live in China and Mongolia. The Evenks are a people of the Manchu group who do not have their own language and epic. Tungusic is considered the native language of the Evenks. Evenks are born hunters and trackers.
Khanty- the indigenous people of Siberia, belonging to the Ugric group. The majority of the Khanty live on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Ural Federal District of Russia. The total number of Khanty is 30,943 people. About 35% of the Khanty live in the Siberian Federal District, with the lion's share of them in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The traditional occupations of the Khanty are fishing, hunting and reindeer herding. The religion of their ancestors is shamanism, but recently more and more Khanty people consider themselves Orthodox Christians.
Evens- people related to the Evenks. According to one version, they represent an Evenki group that was cut off from the main halo of residence by the Yakuts moving south. A long time away from the main ethnic group made the Evens a separate people. Today their number is 21,830 people. Language - Tungusic. Places of residence: Kamchatka, Magadan region, Republic of Sakha.
Chukchi- nomadic Siberian people who are mainly engaged in reindeer herding and live on the territory of the Chukotka Peninsula. Their number is about 16 thousand people. The Chukchi belong to the Mongoloid race and, according to many anthropologists, are the indigenous aborigines of the Far North. The main religion is animism. Indigenous industries are hunting and reindeer herding.
Shors- a Turkic-speaking people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia, mainly in the south of the Kemerovo region (in Tashtagol, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensky, Myskovsky, Osinnikovsky and other regions). Their number is about 13 thousand people. The main religion is shamanism. The Shor epic is of scientific interest primarily for its originality and antiquity. The history of the people dates back to the 6th century. Today, the traditions of the Shors have been preserved only in Sheregesh, since most of the ethnic group moved to the cities and were largely assimilated.
Muncie. This people has been known to Russians since the beginning of the founding of Siberia. Ivan the Terrible also sent an army against the Mansi, which suggests that they were quite numerous and strong. The self-name of this people is Voguls. They have their own language, a fairly developed epic. Today, their place of residence is the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. According to the latest census, 12,269 people identified themselves as belonging to the Mansi ethnic group.
Nanai people- a small people living along the banks of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. Belonging to the Baikal ethnotype, the Nanais are rightfully considered one of the most ancient indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Today the number of Nanais in Russia is 12,160 people. The Nanais have their own language, rooted in Tungusic. Writing exists only among the Russian Nanais and is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
Koryaks- indigenous people of the Kamchatka Territory. There are coastal and tundra Koryaks. The Koryaks are mainly reindeer herders and fishermen. The religion of this ethnic group is shamanism. Number of people: 8,743 people.
Dolgans- a people living in the Dolgan-Nenets municipal region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Number of employees: 7,885 people.
Siberian Tatars- perhaps the most famous, but today not numerous Siberian people. According to the latest census, 6,779 people self-identified as Siberian Tatars. However, scientists say that in fact their number is much larger - according to some estimates, up to 100,000 people.
Soyots- an indigenous people of Siberia, a descendant of the Sayan Samoyeds. Lives compactly on the territory of modern Buryatia. The number of Soyots is 5,579 people.
Nivkhi- indigenous people of Sakhalin Island. Now they live on the continental part at the mouth of the Amur River. As of 2010, the number of Nivkhs is 5,162 people.
Selkups live in the northern parts of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions and in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The number of this ethnic group is about 4 thousand people.
Itelmens- This is another indigenous people of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Today, almost all representatives of the ethnic group live in the west of Kamchatka and the Magadan Region. The number of Itelmens is 3,180 people.
Teleuts- Turkic-speaking small Siberian people living in the south of the Kemerovo Region. The ethnos is very closely related to the Altaians. Its population is approaching 2 and a half thousand.
Among other small peoples of Siberia, such ethnic groups are often distinguished as “Kets”, “Chuvans”, “Nganasans”, “Tofalgars”, “Orochs”, “Negidals”, “Aleuts”, “Chulyms”, “Oroks”, “Tazis”, “Enets”, “Alutors” and “Kereks”. It is worth saying that the number of each of them is less than 1 thousand people, so their culture and traditions have practically not been preserved.

The whales sense persecution and go to sea. They emerge rarely and constantly change direction, but the foreman almost every time guesses where the male he has planned will appear. However, it is not immediately possible to approach him within throwing distance of a harpoon. But then a long, smooth body appeared very close under the green layer of water. As soon as part of the head appears above the water, the harpooner throws the harpoon with all his might. The tip stuck in, the shaft bounced off, the line - a rope tied to the harpoon - began to unwind at breakneck speed after the diving animal... Whaling is a traditional occupation of the Chukchi and Eskimos.

Among the large and small peoples inhabiting Russia, a special place is occupied by those who in geography and ethnography are called “small (or small) peoples of the North and Far East.”

Some of them have autonomous territorial entities: Evenks (Evenki Autonomous Okrug in the Krasnoyarsk Territory), Khanty and Mansi (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug), Nenets (Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Arkhangelsk region), Dolgans (Taimyr, or Dolgano-Nenets, Autonomous Okrug), Chukchi (Chukchi Autonomous Okrug), Koryaks (Koryak Autonomous Okrug). But most of these peoples do not have national autonomy.

DIVERSITY OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH AND FAR EAST

The peoples described in this article collectively number no more than 300 thousand people, and they belong to almost ten groups of languages: Sami, Khanty and Mansi - to Finno-Ugric; Nenets, Selkups, Nganasans, Entsy - to Samoyed; Dolgans - to Turkic; Evenks, Evens, Negidals, Sroki, Orochi, Nanai, Udege and Ulchi - to the Tungus-Manchu. Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens speak the languages of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family, Eskimos and Aleuts - Eskimo-Aleutian, and the languages Yukagirs, Kets, Nivkhs are considered isolated, that is, they do not belong to any family.

Nowadays many languages are almost forgotten. They are remembered mainly by people of the older generation, and young people speak Russian. However, since the 90s. Attempts are being made to restore the teaching of the native language in school. It's not easy at all. There are not enough teachers, many children hardly hear their native language at home (usually only from their grandparents), and therefore learn their native language again, just like a foreign one.

The appearance type of representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North and Far East is not as diverse as their languages. Residents of these regions can be classified as Northern Mongoloids : They are short, densely built, with fair skin. The hair is straight and black, the eyes are black or brown, with a narrow slit, and the nose is small. It’s not for nothing that visitors with a European appearance are mockingly called “big-nosed” or “big-nosed.”

When in the 20th century the Russians began to explore the north of Siberia, as a result of mixed marriages, some peoples especially the Sami, Mansi, and part of the Khanty acquired Caucasoid facial features. Their eye shape has become wider; light eyes and light brown or brown hair are common. In Nenets or Chukotka villages you can see local residents with obvious Caucasian admixture. They lead a traditional way of life, their passports indicate the nationality indigenous to the region, but their first and last names are Russian, German, even Chechen: Nenets Wagner (German surname) or Eskimo Alibek (Chechen name). Children from mixed marriages usually choose an indigenous nationality, firstly, so as not to differ from their classmates, and secondly, to have benefits - the right to fish without a permit, free licenses for professional hunting, etc.

In the past, most of the peoples of the North and Far East were adherents of shamanism. In the 16th - early 19th centuries. they were converted to Orthodoxy. During Soviet times, there were almost no churches and priests left in the North, but nevertheless, some of the Nenets, Evens and some other peoples still keep icons and prayer books and observe Christian rituals. However, these are in the minority.

The Soviet authorities persecuted shamanism even more severely than Christianity, but it, being a traditional form of religion, was still preserved. True, today's shamans do without a tambourine and without a special costume, although they still wear pendants and amulets during the ritual.

HOW THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH LIVE

The nature of the lands where the peoples of the North and Far East live is harsh: tundra, forest-tundra, taiga. Villages are almost always located near water - on the shores of a bay, lake or river. And this is no coincidence. It is by water that necessary goods are brought here, and above all coal and gasoline. The navigation period is very short, and during this time you need to manage to deliver everything you need for a long winter. During the rest of the year, you can only get into (or out of) the village by helicopter.

Residents work on a fur farm, where minks and arctic foxes are bred, or in a sewing workshop - both European-style and national clothes are sewn here, most often from deer fur. Motor mechanics, salesmen, and nurses work in the village. But all this - the post office, the store, the sewing workshop, the fur farm, and the log houses, almost the same as in Russian villages - are just a modern “superstructure”, “urban civilization” brought from Russia.

The basis of the national existence of small peoples, their identity lies precisely in what is located not in the village, but in the surrounding tundra and taiga. Not many people work here, but they are the ones who are engaged in traditional types of economic activity for the small peoples of Russia. These are reindeer herders who spend most of the year living with their whole family in the tundra with herds of reindeer and only a couple of times a year looking into their rural houses, which are usually empty. These are hunters who spend the entire hunting season in the taiga or tundra, returning home only from time to time. They travel from one hunting area to another on foot, on reindeer, on dogs, and these days often on motorized snowmobiles. And finally, fishermen, during the fishing season (during the period of active fishing) living away from the village, “on the sands,” that is, on sections of the banks of rivers and lakes that are especially convenient for fishing. The coastal Chukchi and Eskimos, who hunt walruses, go for many days to hunt on distant islands and capes.

Here, on the banks of a river or sea, in the taiga and tundra, real life goes on - the life of reindeer herders, fishermen, and hunters. It proceeds to a large extent as it did a hundred and two hundred years ago - with the observance of traditional customs, rituals, and rules of relationships between people. However, even here you can see many signs of modernity - a radio station, a radio receiver, a traditional hearth are sometimes replaced with a gasoline stove, and motors are installed on boats.

Reindeer husbandry is carried out primarily by residents of the North (except for Eskimos, coastal Chukchi and Aleuts). The Sami, Nenets, reindeer Chukchi, Koryaks, northern Selkups and Khanty have large herds and receive meat, skins, and milk for themselves and for sale. Other peoples have fewer deer, and they are used mainly as transport animals. In this case, deer are rarely slaughtered for meat, and they feed on taiga game - wild deer, elk, game birds, etc. This is the life of the Evenks, Evens, and Mansi. The peoples of the Primorsky Territory are the southern Selkups, the Yukaghirs are excellent hunters.

Hunting occurs throughout the year. In winter, the hunter goes out into the taiga on wide skis, with simple equipment loaded on a small sled. The dog almost always helps him pull them. They usually hunt alone, less often in two or three. In the taiga and forest-tundra, at a certain distance from each other, hunting huts are built - small houses with a stove where you can warm up, spend the night, and cook food. When leaving such a hut, the hunter will definitely leave tea, matches, and a supply of firewood for the next visitor.

The main occupation of the Khanty of the Ob region and the peoples of the Amur region (Negidals, Nanais, Nivkhs, Udeges) is fishing. However, to one degree or another, all the peoples of the North are engaged in fishing as a secondary industry.

CUISINE OF THE NORTH PEOPLES

Traditional cuisine meets the requirements of the climate, although a person unaccustomed to it can be confused. Fish and meat are the main food. When they are fresh, they are readily eaten raw, with only a little salt; They drink fresh, still warm deer blood. But you need to be sure that the fish and meat are not infected with worm larvae. As a rule, they are not found in venison and the best varieties of fish (such as broad whitefish, muksun, nelma, whitefish), but seals, bears, and small fish (pike, ide, crucian carp) can be infected. They are eaten either boiled or after long drying; It is not customary for northerners to fry meat and fish. Melted seal (nerpa) fat can be drunk in cups, flat cakes are baked on it, and pieces of meat are dipped into it, like a sauce.

Although raw or half-cooked meat contains all the necessary vitamins, residents of the North are acutely aware of the lack of plant foods. In summer, women go out into the tundra to collect wild herbs and berries. There is an enormous amount of berries in the tundra - cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, crowberries... They are eaten fresh and also stored for the winter. Both berries and edible herbs (wild sorrel and onions, young leaves of polar willow) are preserved in leather bags - wineskins, filled with melted fat. In winter they are used as a seasoning for meat. Walnut meat, stewed in small pieces in fat with willow leaves, is a dish that would do honor to the most sophisticated metropolitan restaurant. However, you won’t find it in restaurants, but whale cutlets and boiled whale skin (you can eat it raw) are sometimes available in local canteens. Dozens of dishes are obtained from different parts of the walrus: boiled tongue, boiled intestines, jelly from flippers, blood dumplings, dried meat with fat, etc.

In the tundra and taiga, mushrooms grow in abundance - russula, boletus, boletus. Deer love mushrooms very much, and it is difficult to graze them in mushroom areas - they scatter in all directions in search of delicacies. Local residents, by tradition, do not eat mushrooms. However, in the second half of the 20th century, under the influence of the Russians, they began to be dried and salted for reserve and for sale.

In the diet of the peoples of the North since the 30-40s. XX century significant changes have occurred. Today, even reindeer herders and hunters cannot live a day without bread, cereals, tea, salt, and sugar. The habit of sweets affects the health of children and youth: previously, local residents did not have caries at all, but now many suffer from it from an early age.

HOUSING OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH

Reindeer herders and fishermen, as a rule, roam and settle in three or four villages of almost all the peoples of the North - chum . The tent is a conical tent several meters high. Its basis is made up of 16-20 long poles with converging tops. The chum is covered with nyuks - blankets made from reindeer skins, tarpaulin or some other waterproof fabric. Poles and nu-ki are transported from place to place on sleighs drawn by reindeer. Sleighs travel across the damp, grass-covered tundra in summer, without any snow, but there are more reindeer harnessed than in winter, usually four at a time.

Placing a chum is considered a woman's job, and two or three women can do it in less than an hour. In the middle of the plague there is a fire or a tin stove. To the right and left of the entrance, there are beds set up on mats woven from willow branches and covered with skins. Opposite the entrance there is a sacred place where there is a chest with valuables, bags with amulets hanging, and the baptized have icons. If the stove goes out, it immediately becomes very cold in the tent, so you have to sleep either dressed, covered with skins, or in warm fur sleeping bags.

Fishermen's plagues may be covered not with skins, but with vise - plates sewn from yellow-brown pieces of boiled birch bark. Fishermen move from place to place in the summer in boats, in the winter on sleds with a dog sled, and in recent years on snowmobiles. Evenks roam on reindeer.

Dolgans and other reindeer herders of Taimyr often live not in tents, but in ravines. Beams - slatted frame house covered with skins and canvas. Inside it looks like a carriage compartment: bunks in two tiers, a table, a small iron stove. Such a house is placed on a wide, strong sleigh, and it is transported by four or five reindeer. Initially, this type of housing was invented by Russian merchants who traveled around the tundra with goods.

Among Chukchi and Koryak reindeer herders, the dwelling place is not a chum, but a yaranga. Yaranga The plague is much wider, it has a more complex wooden frame.

Inside there are two rooms - a cold one at the entrance (here they cook food and do household chores) and a warm one in the back. The rear part is entirely occupied by a canopy - a canopy-canopy sewn from skins, suspended from the rear wall. When the canopy is lowered, it is warm inside, and people sit without outer clothing. They sleep in the canopy. If it becomes stuffy, air access is regulated using a leather sleeve at the top of the canopy; it acts as a window.

In a tent and yaranga, in nomadic conditions, you can live quite comfortably, you just need to be able to arrange your life. Modern boys and girls, who from 8 to 18 years of age spend the winter in the dormitories of boarding schools and only return to their parents in fishing and reindeer herding camps for the summer, do not have a good command of the special skills necessary for this. Therefore, it is often difficult for them and they do not want to join the traditional economy.

WHY ARE THE NORTHERN PEOPLES DISAPPEARING?

Small nations differ from large ones not only in numbers. It is more difficult for them to maintain their identity. A Chinese man can come to Helsinki, marry a Finnish woman, live there with her all his life, but he will remain Chinese until the end of his days, and will not become a Finn. Moreover, even in his children there will probably be a lot of Chinese, and this manifests itself not only in appearance, but much deeper - in the peculiarities of psychology, behavior, tastes (even just culinary). If one of the Sami people finds himself in a similar situation - they live on the Kola Peninsula, in Northern Norway and Northern Finland - then, despite the proximity to their native places, after some time they will essentially become a Finn.

This is what happens with the peoples of the North and Far East of Russia. They preserve their national identity while they live in villages and engage in traditional farming. If they leave their native places, break away from their own people, then they dissolve in another and become Russians, Yakuts, Buryats - depending on where they end up and how life turns out. Therefore, their numbers are almost not growing, although the birth rate is quite high. In order not to lose national identity, you need to live among your people, in their original habitat.

Of course, small nations have intelligentsia - teachers, artists, scientists, writers, doctors. They live in the district or regional center, but in order not to lose touch with their native people, they need to spend a lot of time in the villages.

To preserve small nations, it is necessary to maintain traditional economies. This is the main difficulty. Reindeer pastures are shrinking due to growing oil and gas production, seas and rivers are polluted, so fishing cannot develop. Demand for reindeer meat and furs is falling. The interests of the indigenous population and regional authorities, large companies, and simply local poachers come into conflict, and in such a conflict, power is not on the side of small nations.

At the end of the 20th century. the leadership of districts and republics (especially in Yakutia, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts) began to pay more attention to the problems of preserving national culture. Festivals of cultures of small nations have become regular, at which storytellers perform, rituals are performed, and sports competitions are held.

All over the world, the well-being, standard of living, and preservation of the culture of small national minorities (Indians in the Americas, Aborigines of Australia, Ainu of Japan, etc.) are part of the country’s calling card and serve as an indicator of its progressiveness. Therefore, the significance of the destinies of the small peoples of the North for Russia is disproportionately greater compared to their small numbers, amounting to only 0.1% of the country’s population.

MAMMOTH IN TRADES AND STORIES OF THE KHANTS AND MANSI

The Finno-Ugric peoples have legends about the mammoth, an animal that became extinct hundreds of thousands of years ago. This image is especially common in the folklore of the Ob Ugrians - Khanty and Mansi. In their view, a mammoth is a very large (“like five or six moose”), powerful and strong animal. He is afraid of the sun's rays and therefore lives underground, and makes his way with “horns,” that is, with tusks. He eats plants and soil. It is no coincidence that the name of the strange beast in the Khanty and Mansi languages literally means “land deer-Sameya.” And the Nenets, neighbors of the Ob Ugrians, call it “the bull of the land.” They have widespread stories about its underground roar. Natural phenomena such as the formation of river beds, bank collapses during floods, ice cracking during ice drift, and even earthquakes are associated with the “activity” of the mammoth.

The mammoth of the Ob Ugrians is similar to the Indrik-beast from Russian legends: “The beast lives beyond the ocean-sea. And with its horn the beast passes through the underground, like a clear sun through the sky. It passes through all the white-stone mountains...”.

The nature and origin of the amazing beast was explained in different ways. There was an idea that the mammoth was not some special animal - other animals or fish were reincarnated into it with age: moose, bears, pike. According to one belief, an elk in old age, having lost its teeth and antlers, moves underground or under water. There he changes in appearance: he grows new horns, but no longer branched, but straight. During the traditional Bear Festival, a figurine of a mammoth made from dough was placed in front of the face of a bear killed during a ritual hunt, into which, as the Ob Ugrians believed, the spirit of the killed beast passes. Figures of deer and elk were also placed in front of the bear, hoping that the bear, having turned into an underground mammoth, would bring good luck in the hunt and ensure a good litter of deer.

In the minds of the Ob Ugrians, the mammoth is also associated with the water element. There are known images of hybrid monsters - mammoth-pike or mammoth-fish. According to Mansi beliefs, a mammoth appeared in the place where the river foamed and the waves rose. If a boat hits it, it will capsize. It was believed that a mammoth could eat a person. Even today they do not fish in such dangerous places.

One of the characters in the legends of the Khanty and Mansi is the Ob old man, or the Ob master. The success of fishing and the fate of people sailing along the river depend on it. The old man, as told in a source from the early 17th century, could drive fish from the sea to the Ob, and he attracted it with the help of a metal pipe resembling a trunk. His head was crowned with two horns. In this description, the Ob old man very much resembles a mammoth.

Stories about the underground beast mammoth are known to many peoples of Northern Eurasia. In Western Siberia, they also exist among Russians. According to scientists, such ideas did not arise by chance. People found bones and tusks in the ground that were amazing in size. Such discoveries gave rise to ideas about giant animals that lived invisibly underground or under water. However, another explanation is possible. In the form of fantastic legends about mammoths, northern hunters have preserved stories passed from mouth to mouth about the times when these animals still roamed the earth, inspiring horror and respect with their moshes.

TRADITIONAL COSTUME N A N A Y T E V

Traditional Nanai costume - a robe with a flap that wraps to the right, tight and short trousers and leggings (a piece of clothing such as leggings) . Women wore a bib with metal pendants under their robe. Winter shoes (it was worn over fur or leather stockings) was made from fish skin, and the summer one was made from boar skin. In cold weather they wore fur hats with earmuffs, and in the warm season they wore birch bark hats. AND women's hats , especially winter ones, differed from men's: they wore either a quilted hat with cotton wool like a helmet and with a bump on the top, or felt hats in the shape of a cap with the edges bent upward.

The sable hunter's costume was unique. Its most original details are a richly embroidered cap with headphones, topped with a sable or squirrel tail, and an apron decorated with multi-colored fabric stripes.

Men adopted the custom from their Man Chu neighbors to shave the front of their heads from temple to temple, and braid the rest of their hair. Women, following the example of the Manchus, braided two braids and placed them around their heads.

CLOTHING CH U K C H E Y

The cold climate largely determined and determines the characteristics of Chukchi clothing. The outerwear was closed, that is, without a longitudinal slit in the front or back. It was sewn from the skins of young deer and seals. Men wore a double fur shirt to the knees on their naked bodies: the lower one with the fur inward, the upper one with the fur outward . The hem, sleeves, and collar of the kukhlyanka (as the Russians called this type of clothing) were trimmed with dog or wolverine fur. They also made double pants: the upper ones were made of reindeer fur or sealskin, the lower ones were made of reindeer skins. Shoes worn with fur stockings. The kukhlyanka was belted with a belt and a knife and pouch were hung from it. Summer clothes and shoes were made of rovduga (suede) and seal skins. In rainy weather, the Chukchi who lived on the coast wore waterproof clothing made from walrus intestines.

Even in winter, the Chukchi often walked bareheaded, and only put on a hat on the road. These little hats with earmuffs left the crown of the head exposed. During snowstorms, a suede robe with a hood saved my life.

The Chukchi came up with special overalls for infants. Sleeves and trouser legs were sewn tightly for warmth; a hole was cut in the pants, which was closed with a special valve, and a bedding of dry moss or reindeer hair was placed on the valve.

The Chukchi knew tattooing: a thread was rubbed with soot or gunpowder and pulled under the skin. Men drew a pattern (small circles) along the edges of the mouth, and women drew two straight lines on the nose and forehead and several lines on the chin. It was believed that a tattoo would ward off evil spirits and help childless women get rid of infertility.

Men usually shaved the top of their heads, but left the hair at the forehead and back of the head - it turned out to be a hoop of hair.

Women most often braided their hair in two braids, and the ends were tied tightly with a strap.

TRADITIONAL CLOTHING E V E N K O V

Traditional Evenki outerwear - kaftan . It was sewn from deer skins, and so that raindrops would roll off without penetrating inside, a fringe of goat fur was inserted into the shoulder seam. A fur bib was worn under the caftan. The festive bib was made of rovduga (suede) and decorated with bead patterns. In more severe areas, in the forest-tundra, thick fur clothing - soka and - was worn over the caftan. The men's suit differed little from the women's, mainly in some features of the cut and the number of decorations.

The headdress was made from the skin of a deer head . The skin was stretched to the shape of a person's head and dried; the holes from the eyes and horns were sewn up and decorated with beads, the edges were trimmed with rovduga. The Evenks also wore bonnet-like hats trimmed with fur. South of the Lower Tunguska, men tied scarves folded into a wide rope around their foreheads and the back of their heads. In winter, a long scarf made from the tails of fur-bearing animals was wrapped around the neck and head.

Evenki shoes so well adapted for long journeys through the taiga that neighboring peoples borrowed it. They sew high boots (this is the name of this type of footwear in the Far North and Siberia) from rovduga, cloth, leather, kamus (skin from a deer’s leg). High boots can be short (up to the ankle) or long (cover the entire leg). In winter, high boots are worn with fur stockings.

Siberia is a vast historical and geographical region in the northeast of Eurasia. Today it is almost entirely located within the Russian Federation. The population of Siberia is represented by Russians, as well as numerous indigenous peoples (Yakuts, Buryats, Tuvinians, Nenets and others). In total, at least 36 million people live in the region.

This article will discuss the general characteristics of the population of Siberia, the largest cities and the history of the development of this territory.

Siberia: general characteristics of the region

Most often, the southern border of Siberia coincides with the state border of the Russian Federation. In the west it is limited by the ridges of the Ural Mountains, in the east by the Pacific Ocean, and in the north by the Arctic Ocean. However, in a historical context, Siberia also covers the northeastern territories of modern Kazakhstan.

The population of Siberia (as of 2017) is 36 million people. Geographically, the region is divided into Western and Eastern Siberia. The demarcation line between them is the Yenisei River. The main cities of Siberia are Barnaul, Tomsk, Norilsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Omsk, Tyumen.

As for the name of this region, its origin is not precisely established. There are several versions. According to one of them, the toponym is closely related to the Mongolian word “shibir” - this is a swampy area overgrown with birch groves. It is assumed that this is what the Mongols called this area in the Middle Ages. But according to Professor Zoya Boyarshinova, the term comes from the self-name of the ethnic group “Sabir,” whose language is considered the ancestor of the entire Ugric language group.

Population of Siberia: density and total number

According to the census taken back in 2002, 39.13 million people lived within the region. However, the current population of Siberia is only 36 million inhabitants. Thus, it is a sparsely populated area, but its ethnic diversity is truly enormous. More than 30 peoples and nationalities live here.

The average population density in Siberia is 6 people per 1 square kilometer. But it is very different in different parts of the region. Thus, the highest population density indicators are in the Kemerovo region (about 33 people per sq. km.), and the minimum are in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Tyva (1.2 and 1.8 people per sq. km., respectively). The valleys of large rivers (Ob, Irtysh, Tobol and Ishim), as well as the foothills of Altai, are most densely populated.

The level of urbanization here is quite high. Thus, at least 72% of the region’s residents currently live in the cities of Siberia.

Demographic problems of Siberia

The population of Siberia is rapidly declining. Moreover, the mortality and birth rates here, in general, are almost identical to the all-Russian ones. And in Tula, for example, birth rates are completely astronomical for Russia.

The main reason for the demographic crisis in Siberia is the migration outflow of the population (primarily young people). And the Far Eastern Federal District is leading in these processes. From 1989 to 2010, it “lost” almost 20% of its population. According to surveys, about 40% of Siberian residents dream of leaving for permanent residence in other regions. And these are very sad indicators. Thus, Siberia, conquered and developed with such great difficulty, becomes empty every year.

Today, the balance of migration in the region is 2.1%. And in the coming years this figure will only grow. Siberia (in particular, its western part) is already experiencing a very acute shortage of labor resources.

Indigenous population of Siberia: list of peoples

Ethnically, Siberia is an extremely diverse territory. Representatives of 36 indigenous peoples and ethnic groups live here. Although, of course, Russians predominate in Siberia (approximately 90%).

The ten most numerous indigenous peoples in the region include:

Yakuts (478,000 people).
Buryats (461,000).
Tuvans (264,000).
Khakassians (73,000).
Altaians (71,000).
Nenets (45,000).
Evenks (38,000).
Khanty (31,000).
Evens (22,000).
Muncie (12,000).

The peoples of the Turkic group (Khakas, Tuvans, Shors) live mainly in the upper reaches of the Yenisei River. Altaians are concentrated within the Altai Republic. Mostly Buryats live in Transbaikalia and Cisbaikalia (pictured below), and Evenks live in the taiga of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The Taimyr Peninsula is inhabited by Nenets (in the next photo), Dolgans and Nganasans. But in the lower reaches of the Yenisei, the Kets live compactly - a small people who use a language that is not included in any of the known language groups. In the southern part of Siberia, within the steppe and forest-steppe zones, Tatars and Kazakhs also live.

The Russian population of Siberia, as a rule, considers itself Orthodox. Kazakhs and Tatars are Muslims by religion. Many of the region's indigenous peoples adhere to traditional pagan beliefs.

Natural resources and economics

“The Pantry of Russia” is how Siberia is often called, meaning the region’s enormous scale and diversity of mineral resources. Thus, colossal reserves of oil and gas, copper, lead, platinum, nickel, gold and silver, diamonds, coal and other minerals are concentrated here. About 60% of all-Russian peat deposits lie in the depths of Siberia.

Of course, the economy of Siberia is completely focused on the extraction and processing of the region’s natural resources. Moreover, not only mineral and fuel and energy, but also forest. In addition, the region has a fairly developed non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as the pulp industry.

At the same time, the rapid development of the mining and energy industries could not but affect the ecology of Siberia. So, this is where the most polluted cities in Russia are located - Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk and Novokuznetsk.

History of the region's development

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the lands east of the Urals were effectively no man's land. Only the Siberian Tatars managed to organize their own state here - the Siberian Khanate. True, it did not last long.

Ivan the Terrible took up the colonization of Siberian lands seriously, and even then only towards the end of his tsarist reign. Before this, the Russians had practically no interest in the lands located beyond the Urals. At the end of the 16th century, the Cossacks, under the leadership of Ermak, founded several fortified cities in Siberia. Among them are Tobolsk, Tyumen and Surgut.

At first, Siberia was developed by exiles and convicts. Later, already in the 19th century, landless peasants began to come here in search of free hectares. Serious development of Siberia began only at the end of the 19th century. This was largely facilitated by the construction of the railway line. During the Second World War, large factories and enterprises of the Soviet Union were evacuated to Siberia, and this had a positive impact on the development of the region's economy in the future.

Main cities

There are nine cities in the region whose population exceeds the 500,000 mark. This:

Novosibirsk
Omsk.
Krasnoyarsk
Tyumen.
Barnaul.
Irkutsk
Tomsk
Kemerovo.
Novokuznetsk.

The first three cities on this list are “millionaire” cities in terms of the number of residents.

Novosibirsk is the unofficial capital of Siberia, the third most populous city in Russia. It is located on both banks of the Ob - one of the largest rivers in Eurasia. Novosibirsk is an important industrial, commercial and cultural center of the country. The leading industries of the city are energy, metallurgy and mechanical engineering. The basis of the Novosibirsk economy is about 200 large and medium-sized enterprises.

Krasnoyarsk is the oldest of the large cities of Siberia. It was founded back in 1628. This is the most important economic, cultural and educational center of Russia. Krasnoyarsk is located on the banks of the Yenisei, on the conventional border of Western and Eastern Siberia. The city has a developed space industry, mechanical engineering, chemical industry and pharmaceuticals.

Tyumen is one of the first Russian cities in Siberia. Today it is the most important oil refining center in the country. Oil and gas production contributed to the rapid development of various scientific organizations in the city. Today, about 10% of the working population of Tyumen works in research institutes and universities.

Finally

Siberia is the largest historical and geographical region of Russia with a population of 36 million people. It is unusually rich in various natural resources, but suffers from a number of social and demographic problems. There are only three million-plus cities within the region. These are Novosibirsk, Omsk and Krasnoyarsk.

Introduction

What is the % area of Siberia and the Far East in relation to the entire territory of the Russian Federation? area of Siberia and the Far East ≈77%

What is the current population of Siberia and the Far East??number 39.13 million people

What is the population density of Siberia and the Far East? density 2.5 people per 1 sq. km.

How many economic regions are Siberia and the Far East divided into today? 4, Ural (partially), West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern

List the federal districts...: Ural Federal District (Ekaterinburg), Siberian Federal District (Novosibirsk), Far Eastern Federal District (Khabarovsk)

Name the number of subjects of the Russian Federation located in Siberia and the Far East: 26; Autonomous okrugs (Chukchi, Yamalo-Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk); republics (Khakassia, Tyva, Altai, Buryatia), territories (Krasnoyarsk, Transbaikal, Altai, Kamchatka); region (Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), autonomous region (Jewish)

Which subject of the Russian Federation, located in Siberia, has 90% of gas reserves- Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Which subject of the Russian Federation, located in Siberia, has 60% of its oil reserves?- Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug

Which subject of the Russian Federation, located on the territory of Siberia and the Far East, is 6 times larger than the territory of France - Republic of Yakutia

What is the total number of small peoples North: 244 thousand people

In which areas do Siberian Tatars traditionally live?-Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions; several villages in Kurgan, Sverdlovsk and Kemerovo regions

Section I Lands and peoples of Siberia and the Far East before the arrival of the Russians

Which region of Western Siberia was known to Russians fromXIcentury- Yugra land (now - Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug)

Where did the name Siberia come from? A) "Siberia" ( seber) can be literally translated from Turkic as “sweep”, “sweep”. This may be due to the numerous Siberian blizzards and blizzards. B) “Sibirmak” is a Tatar word meaning “to cleanse.” C) “Shibir” is a Mongolian word meaning a swampy area overgrown with birches, a forest thicket. It is assumed that this is how the part of the taiga bordering the forest-steppe was called by the Genghis Khan-Mongols.

When and in connection with what event was the Siberian land first mentioned in Russian chronicles?- In Russian chronicles Siberia was mentioned only in 1407.This entry talks about the murder of Khan Tokhtamysh, which occurred in the Siberian land near Tyumen(according to Verkhoturov: It is widely known that the Russians first penetrated into Siberia in quite ancient times. Most definitely, the Novgorodians walked along the White Sea to the Yugorsky Strait̆ the ball and further beyond it, into the Kara Sea, anotherIXcentury. The first chronicle evidence of such voyages dates back to 1032, which in Russian̆ historiography is considered the beginning of the history of Siberia.)

Give examples from Russian history about contacts between Russians and representatives of the Khanty and Mansi peoples in the 14th – 15th centuries. From the middle of the 13th century, Yugra was already colonized as a Novgorod volost; however, this dependence was fragile, since disturbances from the Ugra were not uncommon. As the Novgorod “Karamzin Chronicle” testifies, in In 1364, the Novgorodians made a big trip to the Ob River: “the Novgorodians arrived from Ugra, boyar children and young people, who fought along the Ob River to the sea.” When Novgorod fell, relations with the eastern countries did not die out. On the one hand, the Novgorod residents, sent to eastern cities, continued the policy of their fathers. On the other hand, the tasks of old Novgorod were inherited by Moscow. In 1472G. After the campaign of the Moscow governors Fyodor Motley and Gavrila Nelidov, the Perm land was colonized. 9th May 1483 G. By order of Ivan III, a large campaign was launched by the governors Fyodor Kurbsky-Cherny and Ivan Saltyk-Travina to Western Siberia against the Vogul prince Asyka. Having defeated the Voguls at Pelym, the Moscow army moved along the Tavda, then along the Tura and along the Irtysh until it flows into the Ob River. Here the Ugra prince Moldan was captured. After this campaign, Ivan III began to be called the Grand Duke of Yugorsk, Prince of Kondinsky and Obdorsky. In 1499, another campaign of the Moscow army took place beyond the Urals.

Which territories of Western Siberia were included in Ivan's official titleIII? Perm and Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk)

Which people living on the territory of Western Siberia were officially accepted into Russian citizenship in 1525, according to the charter of Grand Duke Vasily III? Grand Duke Vasily IIIv 1525 year wrote to the Nenets, Khanty, Mansi in his letter of acceptance about their acceptance into nationality Russia.

What was the size of the indigenous population of Siberia on the eve of Ermak’s campaign? about 200 thousand people.

What is the area of Siberia- 10 million km²

What was the population density of Siberia≈0.02 people per 1 km²

What is the distance from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean? How long did it take...? 8,000 km; 2 years (in the 18th century)

What is the average annual temperature in Siberia-18 °C (?)

Give a brief description of the Siberian region on the eve of Ermak’s campaign.The Siberian region was distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic zones, a wealth of minerals and furs.a) many peoples with varying degrees of development (for example, the Ainu, k/t were engaged in hunting sea animals, reindeer herding, fishing, gathering; and the Tatars, who there was already statehood); b) sparsely populated territory; c) the only state - the Siberian Khanate, from 1555 was in vassal dependence on the Moscow sovereign; d) in most territories, before the arrival of the Russians, economic and cultural specialization did not go beyond the scope of the appropriating economy and primitive (hoe) agriculture and cattle breeding.

13) What was the level of socio-economic development of the peoples of Siberia-In general, the entire population could be divided into three categories: sedentary (Daurs, Siberian Tatars), nomadic (Evenks, Nenets) and wandering. The socio-economic development of peoples was also heterogeneous. In the south, the population was mainly engaged in cattle breeding (Tatars, Buryats), agriculture here was of an auxiliary nature. In the north they were engaged in hunting, gathering and iron mining (Yakuts, Khanty). It is quite natural that the level of social development was not the same:

1 Chukchi – low level of development (Stone Age), with elements of matriarchy, gathering, hunting.

2 Nenets, Evenki – tribal relations, cattle breeding, iron mining, more developed forms of patriarchal clan system

3 Yakuts, Buryats - the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations, the emergence of nobility (noyons), a semi-sedentary lifestyle, a gradual transition to feudal relations.

4 Siberian Tatars are the beginnings of statehood; by the 15th century, the Siberian Khanate was formed, where patriarchal slavery existed and the allocation of nobility began.

*Chukchi- a small indigenous people of the extreme northeast of Asia, scattered over a vast territory from the Bering Sea to the Indigirka River from the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyrya and Anyuya rivers.

*Khanty and Mansi - north of Western Siberia (?: Finno-Ugric tribe living along the Ob, Irtysh and their tributaries (Konda, Vasyugan, etc.), in the Tobolsk province and in the Narym district of the Tomsk province).

*Nenets and Evenks– a) Nenets are a Samoyed people inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr; Evenki - Eastern Siberia (?).

*Buryats and Yakuts– a) Buryats – Transbaikalia; b) Yakuts - Yakutia (= northeast Siberia).

*Dauras- Until the middle of the 17th century, the Daurs lived in the upper reaches of the Amurai in the valleys of the Shilkai and Zeya rivers.

*Siberian Tatars- historically lived on the vast plains east of the Ural Gordoreki Yenisei in the steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones.

14. Give examples of meta-ethnic communities that lived in Siberia and the Far East.

A meta-ethnic community is a group of ethnic groups formed as a result of their ethnogenetic proximity or long-term cultural interaction and connections, which has elements of a common self-awareness.

examples - Ostyaks (Khanty and Mansi), Turks (Tatars, Tuvans, Kyrgyz, Yakuts), Mongoloids (Oirats, Buryats), Tungus (Evens, Evenks)

15. List the relatively numerous peoples who lived in the territory of Siberia and the Far East.

The indigenous population of Siberia before the start of Russian colonization was about 200 thousand people. The most numerous nations:

Yakuts - approx. 38 thousand people

Evenks and Evens – approx. 30 thousand people

Buryats - approx. 25 thousand people

Ugric-speaking tribes of the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) - approx. 15-18 thousand people.

Itelmen - approx. 12 thousand people

Koryaks and Chukchis - approx. 11-12 thousand people.

Yenisei Kirghiz - approx. 8-9 thousand people

Samoyeds (in Russian sources - Samoyeds), which included the Nenets, Entsy and Nganasans - ca. 8 thousand people

Teleuts (White Kalmyks) – approx. 7-8 thousand people

Tomsk, Chulym and “Kuznetsk” Tatars - approx. 5-6 thousand people

16. Name the peoples of Siberia and the Far East, which in the past were designated by the following ethnonyms:

* white (black) Kalmyks and black Tatars - Teleuts; Kalmyks; northern group of Altaians (Altai-Kizhi);

* Voguls - Mansi;

* Yenisei Kirghiz - Khakassians, Altaians, Tuvans, Kirghiz;

* forest Mongols - Buryats;

* Ostyaks - Khanty;

* Samoyeds – Nenets;

* Siberian Kirghiz - Kazakhs;

* Tungus – Evenki;

* Uriankhians are Tuvans.

17. Expand the content of the following terms:

* amanat is the historical name for hostages in the North Caucasus and Bashkiria.

* daruga - elder or leader of the tribe, leader of the detachment, ataman, chief of the district;

* dugan – ceremonial hall for Buddhist prayers;

* koch – Pomeranian wooden, single-masted, single-deck fishing, sailing and rowing vessel of the 11th–19th centuries;

* soft junk - the name of fur in the 15th - early 18th centuries. in Russia, it was used by the tsarist government in the form of grants and awards to service people and foreigners;

* industrialist - owner, entrepreneur who managed a plant, factory or any other industrial enterprise during the era of industrialization;

* taiji is the title of a feudal ruler among some Mongolian peoples - Khalkha Mongols, Buryats, Kalmyks, Manchus. The title of taiji was, as a rule, hereditary, but sometimes granted;

* shert – oath of allegiance to contractual relations with the Russian state; Turkic-speaking peoples borrowed the Arabic word for the procedure for concluding an international treaty and transferred this practice to the Russian authorities;

* ethnic homeostasis is a state of an ethnic system in which its life cycle is repeated from generation to generation without significant changes and the system maintains balance with the landscape and all similar (that is, static) ethnic systems, without showing any forms of purposeful activity that changes environment.

* Yugra is the name of the country and its Ob-Ugric population, to the east of Pechora, probably the Khanty and Mansi;

* yasyr – slave, captive;

* yasak - in the language of the Mongolian and Turkic tribes means tribute, usually paid in kind, mainly furs.